Preface xiii
About the Author xvii
Notations xix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 About This Book 1
1.2 The Navierâ"Stokes Conservation Principles System 2
1.3 Navierâ"Stokes PDE System Manipulations 5
1.4 Weak Form Overview 7
1.5 A Brief History of Finite Element CFD 9
1.6 A Brief Summary 11
References 12
2 Concepts, terminology, methodology 15
2.1 Overview 15
2.2 Steady DE Weak Form Completion 16
2.3 Steady DE GWSN Discrete FE Implementation 19
2.4 PDE Solutions, Classical Concepts 27
2.5 The Sturmâ"Liouville Equation, Orthogonality, Completeness 30
2.6 Classical Variational Calculus 33
2.7 Variational Calculus, Weak Form Duality 36
2.8 Quadratic Forms, Norms, Error Estimation 38
2.9 Theory Illustrations for Non-Smooth, Nonlinear Data 40
2.10 Matrix Algebra, Notation 44
2.11 Equation Solving, Linear Algebra 46
2.12 Krylov Sparse Matrix Solver Methodology 53
2.13 Summary 54
Exercises 54
References 56
3 Aerodynamics I: Potential flow, GWSh theory exposition, transonic flow mPDE shock capturing 59
3.1 Aerodynamics, Weak Interaction 59
3.2 Navierâ"Stokes Manipulations for Aerodynamics 60
3.3 Steady Potential Flow GWS 62
3.4 Accuracy, Convergence, Mathematical Preliminaries 66
3.5 Accuracy, Galerkin Weak Form Optimality 68
3.6 Accuracy, GWSh Error Bound 71
3.7 Accuracy, GWSh Asymptotic Convergence 73
3.8 GWSh Natural Coordinate FE Basis Matrices 76
3.9 GWSh Tensor Product FE Basis Matrices 82
3.10 GWSh Comparison with Laplacian FD and FV Stencils 87
3.11 Post-Processing Pressure Distributions 90
3.12 Transonic Potential Flow, Shock Capturing 92
3.13 Summary 96
Exercises 98
References 99
4 Aerodynamics II: boundary layers, turbulence closure modeling, parabolic Navierâ"Stokes 101
4.1 Aerodynamics, Weak Interaction Reprise 101
4.2 Navierâ"Stokes PDE System Reynolds Ordered 102
4.3 GWSh, n= 2 Laminar-Thermal Boundary Layer 104
4.4 GWSh + θTS BL Matrix Iteration Algorithm 108
4.5 Accuracy, Convergence, Optimal Mesh Solutions 111
4.6 GWSh +θTS Solution Optimality, Data Influence 115
4.7 Time Averaged NS, Turbulent BL Formulation 116
4.8 Turbulent BL GWSh+ θTS, Accuracy, Convergence 120
4.9 GWSh+ θTS BL Algorithm, TKE Closure Models 123
4.10 The Parabolic Navierâ"Stokes PDE System 129
4.11 GWSh +θTS Algorithm for PNS PDE System 134
4.12 GWSh +θTS k=1 NC Basis PNS Algorithm 137
4.13 Weak Interaction PNS Algorithm Validation 141
4.14 Square Duct PNS Algorithm Validation 147
4.15 Summary 148
Exercises 155
References 157
5 The Navierâ"Stokes Equations: theoretical fundamentals; constraint, spectral analyses, mPDE theory, optimal Galerkin weak forms 159
5.1 The Incompressible Navierâ"Stokes PDE System 159
5.2 Continuity Constraint, Exact Enforcement 160
5.3 Continuity Constraint, Inexact Enforcement 164
5.4 The CCM Pressure Projection Algorithm 166
5.5 Convective Transport, Phase Velocity 168
5.6 Convection-Diffusion, Phase Speed Characterization 170
5.7 Theory for Optimal mGWSh+ θTS Phase Accuracy 177
5.8 Optimally Phase Accurate mGWSh + θTS in n Dimensions 185
5.9 Theory for Optimal mGWSh Asymptotic Convergence 193
5.10 The Optimal mGWSh θTS k 1 Basis NS Algorithm 201
5.11 Summary 203
Exercises 206
References 208
6 Vector Field Theory Implementations: vorticity-streamfunction, vorticity-velocity formulations 211
6.1 Vector Field Theory NS PDE Manipulations 211
6.2 Vorticity-Streamfunction PDE System, n= 2 213
6.3 Vorticity-Streamfunction mGWSh Algorithm 214
6.4 Weak Form Theory Verification, GWSh/mGWSh 219
6.5 Vorticity-Velocity mGWSh Algorithm, n= 3 228
6.6 Vorticity-Velocity GWSh+ θTS Assessments, n= 3 233
6.7 Summary 243
Exercises 246
References 247
7 Classic State Variable Formulations: GWS/mGWSh+θTS algorithms for Navierâ"Stokes; accuracy, convergence, validation, BCs, radiation, ALE formulation 249
7.1 Classic State Variable Navierâ"Stokes PDE System 249
7.2 NS Classic State Variable mPDE System 251
7.3 NS Classic State Variable mGWSh+ θTS Algorithm 252
7.4 NS mGWSh +θTS Algorithm Discrete Formation 254
7.5 mGWSh+ θTS Algorithm Completion 258
7.6 mGWSh+ θTS Algorithm Benchmarks, n=2 260
7.7 mGWSh+ θTS Algorithm Validations, n= 3 268
7.8 Flow Bifurcation, Multiple Outflow Pressure BCs 282
7.9 Convection/Radiation BCs in GWSh+ θTS 283
7.10 Convection BCs Validation 288
7.11 Radiosity, GWSh Algorithm 295
7.12 Radiosity BC, Accuracy, Convergence, Validation 298
7.13 ALE Thermo-Solid-Fluid-Mass Transport Algorithm 302
7.14 ALE GWSh +θTS Algorithm LISI Validation 304
7.15 Summary 310
Exercises 317
References 318
8 Time Averaged Navierâ"Stokes: mGWSh+θTS algorithm for RaNS, Reynolds stress tensor closure models 319
8.1 Classic State Variable RaNS PDE System 319
8.2 RaNS PDE System Turbulence Closure 321
8.3 RaNS State Variable mPDE System 323
8.4 RaNS mGWSh+θTS Algorithm Matrix Statement 325
8.5 RaNS mGWSh + θTS Algorithm, Stability, Accuracy 331
8.6 RaNS Algorithm BCs for Conjugate Heat Transfer 337
8.7 RaNS Full Reynolds Stress Closure PDE System 341
8.8 RSM Closure mGWSh +θTS Algorithm 345
8.9 RSM Closure Model Validation 347
8.10 Geologic Borehole Conjugate Heat Transfer 348
8.11 Summary 358
Exercises 363
References 364
9 Space Filtered Navierâ"Stokes: GWSh/mGWSh+θTS for space filtered Navierâ"Stokes, modeled, analytical closure 365
9.1 Classic State Variable LES PDE System 365
9.2 Space Filtered NS PDE System 366
9.3 SGS Tensor Closure Modeling for LES 368
9.4 Rational LES Theory Predictions 371
9.5 RLES Unresolved Scale SFS Tensor Models 376
9.6 Analytical SFS Tensor/Vector Closures 381
9.7 Auxiliary Problem Resolution Via Perturbation Theory 383
9.8 LES Analytical Closure (arLES) Theory 386
9.9 arLES Theory mGWSh + θTS Algorithm 387
9.10 arLES Theory mGWSh + θTS Completion 391
9.11 arLES Theory Implementation Diagnostics 392
9.12 RLES Theory Turbulent BL Validation 403
9.13 Space Filtered NS PDE System on Bounded Domains 409
9.14 Space Filtered NS Bounded Domain BCs 410
9.15 ADBC Algorithm Validation, Space Filtered DE 412
9.16 arLES Theory Resolved Scale BCE Integrals 420
9.17 Turbulent Resolved Scale Velocity BC Optimal Ωh-δ 423
9.18 Resolved Scale Velocity DBC Validation 8 Re 430
9.19 arLES O(δ2) State Variable Bounded Domain BCs 430
9.20 Well-Posed arLES Theory n = 3 Validation 433
9.21 Well-Posed arLES Theory n = 3 Diagnostics 441
9.22 Summary 446
Exercises 455
References 456
10 Summary-VVUQ: verification, validation, uncertainty quantification 459
10.1 Beyond Colorful Fluid Dynamics 459
10.2 Observations on Computational Reliability 460
10.3 Solving the Equations Right 461
10.4 Solving the Right Equations 464
10.5 Solving the Right Equations Without Modeling 466
10.6 Solving the Right Equations Well-Posed 468
10.7 Well-Posed Right Equations Optimal CFD 471
10.8 The Right Closing Caveat 473
References 474
Appendix A: Well-Posed arLES Theory PICMSS Template 475
Appendix B: Hypersonic Parabolic Navierâ"Stokes 483
B.1 High Speed External Aerodynamics 483
B.2 Compressible Navierâ"Stokes PDE System 484
B.3 Parabolic Compressible RaNS PDE System 488
B.4 Compressible PRaNS mPDE System Closure 490
B.5 Bow Shock Fitting, PRaNS State Variable IC 493
B.6 The PRaNS mGWSh+θTS Algorithm 496
B.7 PRaNS mGWSh+θTS Algorithm Completion 501
B.8 PRaNS Algorithm IC Generation 505
B.9 PRaNS mGWSh+θTS Algorithm Validation 507
B.10 Hypersonic Blunt Body Shock Trajectory 515
B.11 Shock Trajectory Characteristics Algorithm 521
B.12 Blunt Body PRaNS Algorithm Validation 523
B.13 Summary 527
Exercises 532
References 533
Author Index 535
Subject Index 541
