| Preface | p. v |
| Contents | p. ix |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Absorption | p. 1 |
| Light absorption in a bulk medium | p. 1 |
| Absorption of complex samples | p. 5 |
| Electronic, vibrational and rotational levels | p. 7 |
| Wavelength, frequency and energy | p. 8 |
| Emission | p. 9 |
| Black body emission | p. 9 |
| Two level system (Einstein's coefficients) | p. 11 |
| Fluorescence and phosphorescence | p. 12 |
| Light amplification | p. 13 |
| Optical spectroscopy | p. 14 |
| Optics and Optical Devices | p. 15 |
| Waves | p. 15 |
| Wave equation | p. 15 |
| Harmonic waves | p. 17 |
| Plane waves | p. 17 |
| Interference | p. 19 |
| Michelson interferometer | p. 20 |
| Fabry-Perot interferometer | p. 22 |
| Interference filters and mirrors | p. 26 |
| Diffraction | p. 27 |
| Fresnel formulation | p. 27 |
| Fraunhofer diffraction (far field approximation) | p. 27 |
| Diffraction grating | p. 29 |
| Monochromator | p. 31 |
| Calculations of optical system (matrix formulation) | p. 33 |
| Geometrical optics approximation | p. 33 |
| Beam transfer matrix | p. 34 |
| Imaging and magnification | p. 35 |
| Lasers for Spectroscopy Applications | p. 39 |
| Laser active medium | p. 39 |
| Laser resonators | p. 41 |
| Resonator with active medium | p. 41 |
| Resonator bandwidth | p. 42 |
| Longitudinal modes | p. 43 |
| Transverse modes | p. 43 |
| Stable and unstable resonators | p. 45 |
| Continuous wave lasers | p. 45 |
| Pulsed lasers | p. 45 |
| Q-Switched lasers | p. 46 |
| Mode-locked lasers | p. 47 |
| Laser amplifiers | p. 48 |
| Main types of lasers | p. 49 |
| Nd:YAG lasers | p. 49 |
| Ion lasers | p. 50 |
| Excimer lasers | p. 50 |
| Dye lasers | p. 51 |
| Ti:sapphire lasers | p. 52 |
| Semiconductor lasers | p. 54 |
| Other lasers used in spectroscopy applications | p. 54 |
| Non-linear optic effect in laser applications | p. 55 |
| Second harmonic | p. 56 |
| Third harmonic | p. 57 |
| Wave mixing | p. 58 |
| Parametric amplification and generation of the light | p. 58 |
| Optical measurements | p. 61 |
| Noise statistics and accuracy of measurements | p. 61 |
| Systematic error and random noise | p. 62 |
| Noise statistics | p. 63 |
| Statistical approach to measurements | p. 69 |
| Noise sources | p. 70 |
| Inaccuracy of indirect measurements | p. 70 |
| Photosensitive devices | p. 72 |
| Photodetector performance parameters | p. 72 |
| Photomultiplier tubes | p. 74 |
| Semiconductor photo-detectors | p. 78 |
| Other photo-detectors | p. 80 |
| Measurements of the light power | p. 80 |
| Measurements of the pulse energy | p. 81 |
| Measurements of the pulse duration | p. 82 |
| Direct methods | p. 82 |
| Autocorrelators (indirect methods) | p. 83 |
| Steady State Absorption Spectroscopy | p. 89 |
| Measurements of the light absorption spectrum | p. 89 |
| Spectrophotometer schemes | p. 91 |
| Single channel scheme | p. 91 |
| Two channel scheme | p. 92 |
| Spectrophotometers with array detectors | p. 95 |
| Main characteristics of spectrophotometers | p. 96 |
| Spectrum range | p. 96 |
| Spectrum resolution | p. 97 |
| Sensitivity and absorption range | p. 98 |
| Instruments, accessories and applications | p. 99 |
| Spectrophotometer specifications | p. 99 |
| Cuvettes for absorption spectroscopy | p. 100 |
| Application notes and examples | p. 102 |
| Steady State Emission Spectroscopy | p. 107 |
| Measurement of the Emission Spectrum | p. 108 |
| Fluorimeter | p. 109 |
| Optical Scheme | p. 109 |
| Use of Array Detectors | p. 111 |
| Evaluation of the Measured Signal | p. 111 |
| Spectrum Correction | p. 113 |
| Quantum yield determination by comparison method | p. 114 |
| Excitation spectrum | p. 115 |
| Sensitivity | p. 117 |
| Wavelength resolution | p. 120 |
| Samples for emission measurements | p. 121 |
| Excitation-monitoring schemes | p. 121 |
| Cuvettes | p. 122 |
| Effect of the sample absorption | p. 122 |
| Fluorimeter specifications | p. 123 |
| Water Raman scattering line as sensitivity test | p. 123 |
| Commercial fluorimeters | p. 124 |
| Emission of molecular monolayer: An example | p. 125 |
| Flash-photolysis | p. 129 |
| Principles | p. 129 |
| Optical scheme | p. 130 |
| Transient absorbance | p. 131 |
| Differential absorption spectra | p. 133 |
| Excitation schemes | p. 135 |
| Excitation | p. 136 |
| Time resolution and signal-to-noise ratio | p. 138 |
| Pulsed monitoring light | p. 141 |
| Signal averaging | p. 142 |
| Spectrum range and spectrum resolution | p. 143 |
| Measurements of emitting samples | p. 143 |
| Effect of scattering and sample emission | p. 143 |
| Applications in time resolved emission spectroscopy | p. 145 |
| Flash-photolysis instruments | p. 145 |
| Commercial instruments and components | p. 145 |
| Flash-photolysis study of an electron transfer: An example | p. 146 |
| Time correlated single photon counting | p. 151 |
| Principles | p. 151 |
| Excitation sources | p. 153 |
| Detection subsystem | p. 156 |
| Emission detectors | p. 156 |
| Electronics | p. 156 |
| Method characteristics | p. 157 |
| Time resolution | p. 157 |
| Peal-up distortions | p. 157 |
| Sensitivity | p. 158 |
| Signal collection time | p. 160 |
| Spectrum range | p. 161 |
| Comparison with direct emission decay measurements | p. 161 |
| Measurements and data analysis | p. 162 |
| Instrument response function and decay deconvolution | p. 162 |
| Time resolved and decay associated spectra | p. 163 |
| Commercial instruments | p. 165 |
| Measurements of single molecule: Application example | p. 166 |
| Frequency domain emission spectroscopy | p. 171 |
| Theoretical background | p. 171 |
| Measurements scheme | p. 174 |
| Frequency domain instruments | p. 175 |
| Light source | p. 176 |
| Detection system | p. 176 |
| Comparison between frequency and time domain methods | p. 176 |
| Picosecond time resolution with streak camera | p. 179 |
| Operation principles | p. 179 |
| Main characteristics | p. 181 |
| Time resolution | p. 181 |
| Spectrum range | p. 182 |
| Sensitivity | p. 182 |
| Advantages and disadvantages | p. 182 |
| Instrument examples | p. 183 |
| Pump-probe | p. 185 |
| Principles | p. 185 |
| Mono-color scheme | p. 185 |
| Two color scheme | p. 188 |
| Measurements of time resolved spectra | p. 190 |
| Samples and sample excitation schemes | p. 193 |
| Laser systems | p. 194 |
| Detection subsystem and sensitivity | p. 200 |
| Time resolution | p. 201 |
| Group velocity dispersion | p. 202 |
| Effects of sample and optics on time resolution | p. 204 |
| Measurements of the delay spectrum | p. 206 |
| Can it be faster? | p. 207 |
| Sensitivity | p. 210 |
| Application example | p. 210 |
| Photo-induced charge transfer in molecular dyad | p. 210 |
| Pump-probe study of thin films | p. 212 |
| Emission spectroscopy with optical gating methods | p. 217 |
| Frequency up-conversion | p. 217 |
| Principles of up-conversion | p. 217 |
| Time resolution | p. 221 |
| Evaluation of the instrument response time | p. 223 |
| Sensitivity | p. 225 |
| Excitation pulse energy | p. 227 |
| Spectrum range | p. 228 |
| Time resolved spectra | p. 229 |
| Commercial instruments and components | p. 231 |
| Optical Kerr effect | p. 231 |
| Photo-dynamics of semiconductor quantum wells | p. 234 |
| Ultra-fine spectrum resolution | p. 237 |
| Natural line width and broadening | p. 237 |
| Traditional optical tools for high spectrum resolution | p. 239 |
| Lasers for fine spectrum resolution | p. 241 |
| Resonator limited bandwidth | p. 241 |
| Amplification bandwidth and lasing threshold | p. 241 |
| Mode-beating and resonator design for single mode lasers | p. 243 |
| High resolution in absorption spectroscopy | p. 244 |
| Laser spectroscopy | p. 244 |
| Intra-cavity spectroscopy | p. 244 |
| High resolution in emission spectroscopy | p. 245 |
| Spectral hole-burning | p. 248 |
| Polarization measurements | p. 249 |
| Light polarization | p. 249 |
| Interaction of polarized light with media | p. 251 |
| Magic angle | p. 252 |
| Induced anisotropy in fluorescence measurements | p. 253 |
| Anisotropy coefficient | p. 255 |
| Applications of polarized measurements | p. 257 |
| Tools for polarized measurements | p. 257 |
| Optical schemes for polarization measurements | p. 258 |
| Measurements of energy transfer dynamics | p. 259 |
| Analysis of the measurements | p. 263 |
| Indirect measurements | p. 263 |
| Spectral data analysis | p. 264 |
| Kinetics and reaction schemes | p. 267 |
| First order reactions | p. 267 |
| Second order reactions | p. 268 |
| Complex schemes for the first order reactions | p. 269 |
| Time resolved measurements | p. 274 |
| Data fitting | p. 277 |
| Criteria for the fit goodness | p. 277 |
| Minimization of mean square deviation | p. 278 |
| Non-linear least square fit | p. 280 |
| Global fitting of time resolved measurements | p. 283 |
| Qualitative problems | p. 284 |
| Final remarks | p. 287 |
| Photon counting peal-up distortions | p. 289 |
| Relation between Gaussian pulse width and its spectrum | p. 291 |
| Two photon absorption | p. 293 |
| Fit algorithms | p. 295 |
| Stepping algorithm | p. 295 |
| Gradient method | p. 296 |
| Newton method | p. 296 |
| Random search | p. 297 |
| Physical properties of some solvents | p. 299 |
| Bibliography | p. 301 |
| Index | p. 304 |
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