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Optical Spectroscopy

Methods and Instrumentations

By: Nikolai V. Tkachenko

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Hardcover | 1 May 2006

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322 Pages

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24.13 x 17.15 x 1.91

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Optical Spectroscopy bridges a gap by providing a background on optics while focusing on spectroscopic methodologies, tools and instrumentations. The book introduces the most widely used steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic techniques, makes comparisions between them, and provides the methodology for estimating the most important characteristics of the techniques such as sensitivity and time resolution.

Recent developments in lasers, optics and electronics has had a significant impact on modern optical spectroscopic methods and instrumentations. Combining the newest lasers, advanced detectors and other high technology components researchers are able to assemble a spectroscopic instrument with characteristics that were hardly achievable a decade ago. This book will help readers to sourse spectroscopy tools to solve their problems by providing information on the most widely used methods while introducing readers to the principles of quantitative analysis of the application range for each methodology. In addition, background information is provided on optics, optical measurements and laser physics, which is of crucial importance for spectroscopic applications.

* provides an overview of the most popular absorption/emission spectroscopy techniques
* discusses application range, advantages and disadvantages are compared for different spectroscopy methods
* provides introductions to the relevant topics such as optics and laser physics

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Non-Fiction Science Chemistry Analytical Chemistry Spectrum Analysis Engineering & Technology Other Technologies & Applied Sciences Applied Optics Physical Chemistry Physics

Preface	p. v
Contents	p. ix
Introduction	p. 1
Absorption	p. 1
Light absorption in a bulk medium	p. 1
Absorption of complex samples	p. 5
Electronic, vibrational and rotational levels	p. 7
Wavelength, frequency and energy	p. 8
Emission	p. 9
Black body emission	p. 9
Two level system (Einstein's coefficients)	p. 11
Fluorescence and phosphorescence	p. 12
Light amplification	p. 13
Optical spectroscopy	p. 14
Optics and Optical Devices	p. 15
Waves	p. 15
Wave equation	p. 15
Harmonic waves	p. 17
Plane waves	p. 17
Interference	p. 19
Michelson interferometer	p. 20
Fabry-Perot interferometer	p. 22
Interference filters and mirrors	p. 26
Diffraction	p. 27
Fresnel formulation	p. 27
Fraunhofer diffraction (far field approximation)	p. 27
Diffraction grating	p. 29
Monochromator	p. 31
Calculations of optical system (matrix formulation)	p. 33
Geometrical optics approximation	p. 33
Beam transfer matrix	p. 34
Imaging and magnification	p. 35
Lasers for Spectroscopy Applications	p. 39
Laser active medium	p. 39
Laser resonators	p. 41
Resonator with active medium	p. 41
Resonator bandwidth	p. 42
Longitudinal modes	p. 43
Transverse modes	p. 43
Stable and unstable resonators	p. 45
Continuous wave lasers	p. 45
Pulsed lasers	p. 45
Q-Switched lasers	p. 46
Mode-locked lasers	p. 47
Laser amplifiers	p. 48
Main types of lasers	p. 49
Nd:YAG lasers	p. 49
Ion lasers	p. 50
Excimer lasers	p. 50
Dye lasers	p. 51
Ti:sapphire lasers	p. 52
Semiconductor lasers	p. 54
Other lasers used in spectroscopy applications	p. 54
Non-linear optic effect in laser applications	p. 55
Second harmonic	p. 56
Third harmonic	p. 57
Wave mixing	p. 58
Parametric amplification and generation of the light	p. 58
Optical measurements	p. 61
Noise statistics and accuracy of measurements	p. 61
Systematic error and random noise	p. 62
Noise statistics	p. 63
Statistical approach to measurements	p. 69
Noise sources	p. 70
Inaccuracy of indirect measurements	p. 70
Photosensitive devices	p. 72
Photodetector performance parameters	p. 72
Photomultiplier tubes	p. 74
Semiconductor photo-detectors	p. 78
Other photo-detectors	p. 80
Measurements of the light power	p. 80
Measurements of the pulse energy	p. 81
Measurements of the pulse duration	p. 82
Direct methods	p. 82
Autocorrelators (indirect methods)	p. 83
Steady State Absorption Spectroscopy	p. 89
Measurements of the light absorption spectrum	p. 89
Spectrophotometer schemes	p. 91
Single channel scheme	p. 91
Two channel scheme	p. 92
Spectrophotometers with array detectors	p. 95
Main characteristics of spectrophotometers	p. 96
Spectrum range	p. 96
Spectrum resolution	p. 97
Sensitivity and absorption range	p. 98
Instruments, accessories and applications	p. 99
Spectrophotometer specifications	p. 99
Cuvettes for absorption spectroscopy	p. 100
Application notes and examples	p. 102
Steady State Emission Spectroscopy	p. 107
Measurement of the Emission Spectrum	p. 108
Fluorimeter	p. 109
Optical Scheme	p. 109
Use of Array Detectors	p. 111
Evaluation of the Measured Signal	p. 111
Spectrum Correction	p. 113
Quantum yield determination by comparison method	p. 114
Excitation spectrum	p. 115
Sensitivity	p. 117
Wavelength resolution	p. 120
Samples for emission measurements	p. 121
Excitation-monitoring schemes	p. 121
Cuvettes	p. 122
Effect of the sample absorption	p. 122
Fluorimeter specifications	p. 123
Water Raman scattering line as sensitivity test	p. 123
Commercial fluorimeters	p. 124
Emission of molecular monolayer: An example	p. 125
Flash-photolysis	p. 129
Principles	p. 129
Optical scheme	p. 130
Transient absorbance	p. 131
Differential absorption spectra	p. 133
Excitation schemes	p. 135
Excitation	p. 136
Time resolution and signal-to-noise ratio	p. 138
Pulsed monitoring light	p. 141
Signal averaging	p. 142
Spectrum range and spectrum resolution	p. 143
Measurements of emitting samples	p. 143
Effect of scattering and sample emission	p. 143
Applications in time resolved emission spectroscopy	p. 145
Flash-photolysis instruments	p. 145
Commercial instruments and components	p. 145
Flash-photolysis study of an electron transfer: An example	p. 146
Time correlated single photon counting	p. 151
Principles	p. 151
Excitation sources	p. 153
Detection subsystem	p. 156
Emission detectors	p. 156
Electronics	p. 156
Method characteristics	p. 157
Time resolution	p. 157
Peal-up distortions	p. 157
Sensitivity	p. 158
Signal collection time	p. 160
Spectrum range	p. 161
Comparison with direct emission decay measurements	p. 161
Measurements and data analysis	p. 162
Instrument response function and decay deconvolution	p. 162
Time resolved and decay associated spectra	p. 163
Commercial instruments	p. 165
Measurements of single molecule: Application example	p. 166
Frequency domain emission spectroscopy	p. 171
Theoretical background	p. 171
Measurements scheme	p. 174
Frequency domain instruments	p. 175
Light source	p. 176
Detection system	p. 176
Comparison between frequency and time domain methods	p. 176
Picosecond time resolution with streak camera	p. 179
Operation principles	p. 179
Main characteristics	p. 181
Time resolution	p. 181
Spectrum range	p. 182
Sensitivity	p. 182
Advantages and disadvantages	p. 182
Instrument examples	p. 183
Pump-probe	p. 185
Principles	p. 185
Mono-color scheme	p. 185
Two color scheme	p. 188
Measurements of time resolved spectra	p. 190
Samples and sample excitation schemes	p. 193
Laser systems	p. 194
Detection subsystem and sensitivity	p. 200
Time resolution	p. 201
Group velocity dispersion	p. 202
Effects of sample and optics on time resolution	p. 204
Measurements of the delay spectrum	p. 206
Can it be faster?	p. 207
Sensitivity	p. 210
Application example	p. 210
Photo-induced charge transfer in molecular dyad	p. 210
Pump-probe study of thin films	p. 212
Emission spectroscopy with optical gating methods	p. 217
Frequency up-conversion	p. 217
Principles of up-conversion	p. 217
Time resolution	p. 221
Evaluation of the instrument response time	p. 223
Sensitivity	p. 225
Excitation pulse energy	p. 227
Spectrum range	p. 228
Time resolved spectra	p. 229
Commercial instruments and components	p. 231
Optical Kerr effect	p. 231
Photo-dynamics of semiconductor quantum wells	p. 234
Ultra-fine spectrum resolution	p. 237
Natural line width and broadening	p. 237
Traditional optical tools for high spectrum resolution	p. 239
Lasers for fine spectrum resolution	p. 241
Resonator limited bandwidth	p. 241
Amplification bandwidth and lasing threshold	p. 241
Mode-beating and resonator design for single mode lasers	p. 243
High resolution in absorption spectroscopy	p. 244
Laser spectroscopy	p. 244
Intra-cavity spectroscopy	p. 244
High resolution in emission spectroscopy	p. 245
Spectral hole-burning	p. 248
Polarization measurements	p. 249
Light polarization	p. 249
Interaction of polarized light with media	p. 251
Magic angle	p. 252
Induced anisotropy in fluorescence measurements	p. 253
Anisotropy coefficient	p. 255
Applications of polarized measurements	p. 257
Tools for polarized measurements	p. 257
Optical schemes for polarization measurements	p. 258
Measurements of energy transfer dynamics	p. 259
Analysis of the measurements	p. 263
Indirect measurements	p. 263
Spectral data analysis	p. 264
Kinetics and reaction schemes	p. 267
First order reactions	p. 267
Second order reactions	p. 268
Complex schemes for the first order reactions	p. 269
Time resolved measurements	p. 274
Data fitting	p. 277
Criteria for the fit goodness	p. 277
Minimization of mean square deviation	p. 278
Non-linear least square fit	p. 280
Global fitting of time resolved measurements	p. 283
Qualitative problems	p. 284
Final remarks	p. 287
Photon counting peal-up distortions	p. 289
Relation between Gaussian pulse width and its spectrum	p. 291
Two photon absorption	p. 293
Fit algorithms	p. 295
Stepping algorithm	p. 295
Gradient method	p. 296
Newton method	p. 296
Random search	p. 297
Physical properties of some solvents	p. 299
Bibliography	p. 301
Index	p. 304
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Optical Spectroscopy

Methods and Instrumentations

At a Glance

Hardcover

Shipping

How to return your order

Defective items

You Can Find This Book In

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