Optical Physics and Engineering

of Volume 1.- 1 Introduction.- I Radiometry, Radiance, and Vision.- 2 Luminance, Radiance, and Temperature.- I. Introduction.- II. Photometric Standards and Derived Units.- III. Radiometric Quantities.- IV. Proposed Radiometric Standards.- V. Calibration Standards and Absolute References.- VI. Some Comments about Units and Nomenclature.- VII. Errors Inherent in the Use of Photometric Quantities for Nonvisual Measurements.- References.- 3 Natural Levels of Illumination and Irradiance.- 4 Visual Detection Process for Electrooptical Images: Man-The Final Stage of an Electrooptical Imaging System.- I. A Summary of Visual Perception Theory.- II. Fluctuation Theory.- III. Probability of Detection.- IV. Display Size, Brightness, and Object-Shape Effects.- V. Conclusions.- References.- 5 Visual Systems for Night Vision.- I. Introduction.- II. Low-Light-Level Performance of the Eye.- III. Relative Performance of Binoculars at Low Light Levels.- IV. Relative Performance of Image Intensifiers at Low Light Levels.- V. Quantitative Performance of Image Intensifier Systems at Low Light Levels.- VI. Summary.- References.- II Basic Functions.- 6 Photoconductivity.- I. Introduction.- II. Lifetime, Transit Time, and Response Time.- III. Recombination.- IV. Trapping Effects.- V. General Photoconductive Phenomena.- VI. Ohmic Contacts.- VII. One-Carrier Space-Charge-Limited Currents.- VIII. Gain and Response Time for a Photoconductor.- IX. Photoconductivity with Blocking Contacts.- X. Blocking Contacts.- XI. P-N Junctions.- XII. Inhomogeneous Excitation: General Formulation.- Notation.- References.- 7 Photoemissive Cathodes: I. Photoemissive Surfaces in Imaging Devices.- I. Introduction.- II. Spectral Response.- III. Dark Current.- IV. Operational Characteristics.- V. Summary.- References.- 8 Photoemissive Cathodes: II. Recent Photocathode Developments with Emphasis on III-V Compounds.- I. The Development of Photocathodes.- II. Gallium Arsenide Photocathodes.- References.- 9 Noise Performances of the Channel Electron Multiplier.- I. Introduction.- II. Theory.- III. Effects of Multiplier Yield.- IV. Effects of Operational Parameters.- V. Experimental Observations.- VI. Implications for Channel Image Intensifiers.- References.- 10 Electron Optics.- I. Introduction.- II. Basic Principles and Concepts.- III. The Electron Gun.- IV. The Electrostatic Focusing Lens.- V. Solenoidal Magnetic Focusing.- VI. The Electrostatic Image Section.- VII. Computational Analysis.- VIII. Electrostatic Field Computation.- IX. Magnetic Field Computation.- X. Ray Tracing.- References.- III Analysis.- 11 Specifications for Electronic Image-Forming Devices.- I. Introduction.- II. Present Situation.- III. Factors Influencing Observer Response Time.- IV. Need for Research in Real-Time Perception.- V. What and How Do We Specify?.- VI. The Brian-Smith Approach.- VII. Summary.- References.- 12 Transfer Characteristics and Spectral Response of Television Camera Tubes.- I. Introduction.- II. General Definitions.- III. Transfer Characteristic.- IV. Spectral Response.- V. Transferring from Radiometric to Photometric Units.- VI. Background Radiation Considerations.- VII. Conclusions.- Appendix: Which Relation, 1/4F2 or 1/(4F2 + 1)?.- References.- 13 The Modulation Transfer Function and Methods of Measurement.- I. The Modulation Transfer Function.- II. A Brief Review of General OTF Principles.- References.- 14 The Limiting Resolution of Low-Light-Level Imaging Sensors.- I. Ideal Low-Light-Level Sensors.- II. Real Low-Light-Level Imaging Sensors.- III. Low-Light-Level Television Camera Tubes.- IV. The Intensifier SEC Camera Tube.- V. The Image Orthicon.- VI. The Intensifier Image Orthicon.- VII. An Alternate Method of Determining Limiting Resolution.- VIII. Direct View Light Amplifiers.- IX. Radiometric versus Psychometric Units.- X. Limitations of the Analysis.- References.- IV Introduction to Systems.- 15 System Analysis.- I. Introduction.- II. The Spread Functions.- III. The Cascaded System.- IV. The Optical Transfer Function and the Modulation Transfer Function.- V. Optical Systems and Evaluation.- VI. Noise.- VII. Electronic System Parameters.- VIII. Summary.- References.- 16 Electrooptical System Evaluation.- I. The Search Process.- II. Imagery and Image Transmission.- III. Determination of Pg(D|x1y1; xy; x0y0).- IV. Application.- V. Discussion and Conclusions.- References.- 17 Backscatter Effects in Active Illumination Systems.- I. Introduction.- II. CW Illumination.- III. Pulsed Illumination.- References.