Optical Networking Standards : A Comprehensive Guide for Professionals

A Comprehensive Guide for Professionals

By: Khurram Kazi (Editor)

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Hardcover | 1 June 2005

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Today, networks are evolving to be scalable and have ever-increasing intelligence built into them, thanks to tremendous technical advances in optics, electronics, software, a nd professional know-how. Optical Network Standards is a single-source reference work on the specifications of networks at all levels: from components through systems to global networks, their management and services they offer. It comprises more than 25 chapters written by expert authors who are collectively responsible for generating the standards and their implementations. Key topics covered here include: harmonization and design of networks to deliver on-demand services crucial to day to day operations; architecture of optical-transport networks; optimization of SONET/SDH infra-structure for data centric services; GFP, VCAT and LCAS; distributed intelligent management and control; ASON and GMPLS; and more. The authors come from powerhouse players as Lucent Technologies, Nortel, Marconi, Cisco, and British Telecom. Their work has been edited by Khurram Kazi, a networking consultant with over 17 years of real-world expertise in designing ASICs and systems for SONET, IP, ATM, PDH and Ethernet networks.

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Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Electronics & Communications Engineering Communications Engineering & Telecommunications Computing & I.T.Computer Networking & Communications Energy Technology & Engineering Electrical Engineering Science Physics Optical Physics Electronics Engineering

Microwave Technology Computer Hardware Network Hardware

Foreword	p. xix
Preface	p. xxi
Acknowledgements	p. xxiii
About the Authors	p. xxv
Overview	p. 1
Optical Transport Network Infrastructure	p. 1
Functional Modeling Specification Technique	p. 2
Multiservice Optical Transport Network Infrastructure	p. 3
Global Optical Transport Network Timing	p. 6
Carriage of Services over Transport Networks	p. 7
Ethernet Services Architecture and Definitions	p. 7
Storage Area Services Over SONET	p. 10
Control and Management of Optical Transport Networks	p. 10
Intra-Network Element Communication and Component-centric Standards	p. 11
Intra-Network Element Communication	p. 11
Optical Interfaces	p. 12
High-Speed Serial Interconnects	p. 12
Standards Development Process	p. 13
Optical Transport Network Infrastructure	p. 15
Architecture of Transport Networks	p. 17
Introduction	p. 17
Transport Functional Modeling	p. 18
Basic Concepts	p. 20
Functionality	p. 29
Connections and Points	p. 31
Connection Dimension Model	p. 32
Sublayers and Function Decomposition	p. 35
Examples	p. 36
Equipment Packaging	p. 39
Application Examples	p. 40
Equipment Control	p. 50
Equipment Supervisory Process	p. 53
Modeling Connectionless Layer Networks	p. 60
Summary	p. 61
Notes	p. 61
References	p. 62
Interfaces for Optical Transport Networks	p. 63
Introduction	p. 63
OTN Standards	p. 64
Standardized Interfaces	p. 66
Forward Error Correction	p. 67
Theoretical Description	p. 68
Coding Gain	p. 70
Tandem Connection Monitoring	p. 73
OTN Hierarchy Overview	p. 76
OTN G.709 Frame Structure	p. 79
G.709 Overhead Bytes: In-Depth Analysis and Processing	p. 81
OPUk Overhead Bytes and Client Mapping Structure	p. 82
Similarly Valued/Formatted Fields within G.709 Frame	p. 88
ODUk Overhead and Processing	p. 90
Tandem Connection Monitoring (TCM)	p. 95
OTUk Overhead and Processing	p. 98
Scrambling	p. 99
Frame Alignment Overhead	p. 100
Section Monitoring Byte Descriptions	p. 101
General Communication Channel 0 (GCCO)	p. 104
ODUk Multiplexing	p. 104
Multiplexing Data Rates	p. 105
4 X ODU1 to ODU2 Multiplexing	p. 107
ODU1/ODU2 to ODU3 Multiplexing	p. 112
Summary	p. 117
References	p. 117
Multiplex Structures of the Optical Transport Network	p. 119
Introduction	p. 119
The Situation in the Previous Century	p. 120
SDH structure details	p. 120
The Evolution of the Bandwidth	p. 127
New Clients	p. 130
Virtual Concatenation	p. 131
Differential Delay	p. 131
Payload Distribution and Reconstruction	p. 133
Additional Benefits	p. 136
Restrictions	p. 136
VCAT Details	p. 137
Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS)	p. 140
Link Capacity Increase	p. 140
Link Capacity Decrease (Planned)	p. 140
Temporary Link Capacity Decrease	p. 141
LCAS Details	p. 141
Advantages of Using VCAT LCAS and GFP	p. 144
Implementers Guide for VCAT and LCAS	p. 144
Detection of Differential Delay	p. 144
Compensation of Differential Delay	p. 145
Structure and Management of Differential Delay Buffers	p. 146
Differential Delay Buffer Overview	p. 147
Alignment within a VCG	p. 148
Sizing the Delay Buffers	p. 149
Processing Time	p. 149
Controlling Distribution/Reconstruction Order	p. 150
Member Status	p. 151
References	p. 152
Generic Framing Procedure (GFP)	p. 153
Introduction	p. 153
Background	p. 155
Packet Transport on Public Networks	p. 155
Other Traffic Adaptation Approaches	p. 156
Other Design Considerations	p. 157
Formats and Procedures	p. 158
GFP Frame Formats	p. 159
GFP Control Frames	p. 164
Client-Independent Procedures	p. 164
Client-Dependent Procedures	p. 166
Implementation Considerations	p. 171
Virtual Framer Management	p. 171
Scrambler Options	p. 172
Performance	p. 174
Probability of GFP Frame Delineation Loss (FDL)	p. 174
Probability of False Frame Synchronization (FFS)	p. 175
Probability of Frame Unavailability (FUA)	p. 176
Frame Acquisition Delay	p. 179
Scrambler Resynchronization Delay	p. 182
Link Efficiency	p. 182
Applications	p. 184
Ethernet Private Lines	p. 184
Virtual Leased Lines	p. 185
Packet Rings	p. 186
Future Directions	p. 187
References	p. 187
Synchronization of Optical Networks	p. 189
The Field of Network Synchronization Engineering	p. 189
Introduction	p. 189
Background on Timing, Synchronization, and Jitter	p. 191
Basics of Digital Transmission, Timing Jitter, and Alignment Jitter	p. 191
Jitter Tolerance, Transfer, Generation, and Network Limit	p. 196
Mapping and Multiplexing	p. 200
Pointer Adjustments	p. 203
Timing Signal Imperfections	p. 206
Characterization of Timing Performance	p. 209
Wander Network Limits and Wander Performance	p. 212
Roadmap of Current ITU-T Recommendations on Timing, and Jitter, For OTN, SDH, and PDH	p. 214
Timing and Jitter Requirements for SONET/SDH and OTN	p. 216
SEC and ODC Frequency Accuracy, Clock Modes, Pull-in and Pull-out/Hold-in Ranges	p. 218
STM-N and OTUk Jitter Network Limit and Tolerance, STM-N Regenerator and ODCr Jitter Generation and Transfer, and STM-N and OTUk Jitter Accumulation	p. 219
Jitter and Wander Accumulation for PDH Clients of SDH Networks and SDH Clients of OTN	p. 227
Reliable Distribution of Synchronization	p. 233
The Need for Synchronization	p. 234
Synchronization Areas	p. 235
Reference Duplication and Reference Selection	p. 241
Synchronization Status Messages	p. 243
Satellite Timing	p. 248
Synchronization Network Engineering	p. 249
Conclusions and Closing Remarks	p. 250
Conclusions	p. 250
Closing Remarks	p. 251
Notes	p. 252
References	p. 254
Synchronization Architectures for SONET/SDH Systems and Networks	p. 257
Synchronization Concepts	p. 257
Timing Traceability	p. 261
Source Traceability	p. 262
Synchronization Distribution	p. 266
Network Element (NE) Architecture	p. 268
Timing Engine (TE) Functions	p. 269
Timing Distributor (TD) Functions	p. 270
Network Element System Architecture	p. 275
Small Network Element Architecture	p. 276
Medium Network Element Architecture	p. 277
Large Network Element Architecture	p. 278
External Timing Configurations	p. 279
Direct-Source Timing Method	p. 280
Bridged-Source Timing Method	p. 281
Line/External Timing Method	p. 282
Mult Timing Method	p. 285
Clock Backup Modes and Implications	p. 286
Synchronization Guidelines	p. 292
Notes	p. 293
References	p. 294
Network Survivability	p. 295
Introduction	p. 295
Network Survivability Techniques	p. 295
Survivability Offered by Protection	p. 296
Network Objectives	p. 297
Protection Switching Architectures	p. 297
Protection Switching Parameters	p. 303
Protection Switching Classes	p. 306
Hold-off Timer	p. 309
Protection Switching Trigger Criteria	p. 310
Null Signal	p. 310
Automatic Protection Switching (APS) Protocol	p. 310
Examples	p. 312
Optical Transport Networks (OTN) Survivability	p. 313
Survivability Offered by Restoration	p. 314
Network Restoration Techniques	p. 315
Restoration time	p. 315
Interoperability	p. 316
Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS)	p. 317
Multilayer Survivability	p. 318
References	p. 319
Services Offered over Transport Networks	p. 321
Metro Ethernet Overview and Architecture	p. 323
Metro Ethernet Demand and Requirements	p. 323
Network Resiliency	p. 323
Traffic and Performance Management	p. 324
Circuit Emulation Services	p. 324
Metro Ethernet Forum Charter	p. 325
Metro Ethernet Network (MEN) Architecture	p. 326
MEN Reference Model	p. 326
MEN Layer Network Model	p. 327
MEN Reference Points	p. 329
MEN Architectural Components	p. 334
MEN Layer Relationship to the Architecture Model Components	p. 337
References	p. 341
Ethernet Services Over Metro Ethernet Networks	p. 343
Introduction	p. 343
Services Model	p. 343
Customer Edge View	p. 344
User Network Interface	p. 344
Service Frame	p. 345
Ethernet Virtual Connection	p. 346
Identifying an EVC at a UNI	p. 348
Service Features	p. 349
CE-VLAN ID Preservation	p. 350
All-to-One Bundling Map	p. 350
Service Multiplexing	p. 352
Feature Constraints	p. 355
E-Line and E-LAN Service	p. 356
Class of Service	p. 356
Bandwidth Profiles	p. 359
Layer 2 Control Protocols	p. 365
Conclusion and Future Work	p. 367
Appendix A: Ethernet Basics	p. 367
Ethernet Physical Layers	p. 368
Ethernet Media Access Control Layer	p. 368
Ethernet VLANs	p. 370
Notes	p. 371
References	p. 372
Ethernet Services Over Public WAN	p. 373
Introduction	p. 373
Why Ethernet over the public WAN?	p. 373
Organization of the chapter	p. 375
Related standards activity	p. 377
Definition of some technical terms in this chapter	p. 378
Service Types and Characteristics	p. 379
Ethernet connection (EC) attributes	p. 381
Ethernet Private Line (EPL) service	p. 387
Ethernet virtual private line service (EVPL)	p. 388
Ethernet private LAN (EPLAN) service	p. 389
Ethernet virtual private LAN service	p. 391
Transport Network Models In Support of Ethernet Connectivity Services	p. 392
Ethernet Client Interfaces	p. 401
Multiplexed access	p. 402
VLAN mapping	p. 404
Bundling	p. 404
Bandwidth profile	p. 404
Layer 2 Control Protocol processing	p. 404
Summary of UNI Service Attributes for Different Services	p. 405
Ethernet Transport Network To Network Interface (NNI)	p. 405
OAM	p. 411
Protection and Restoration	p. 419
Service Protection or Restoration Provided by the Transport Network	p. 420
Service Restoration at Layer 2	p. 421
Conclusion	p. 421
Notes	p. 422
References	p. 423
Ethernet Services Over MPLS Networks	p. 425
Virtual Private Networks	p. 425
Traditional Layer 2 Virtual Private Networks	p. 425
Classification of VPNs	p. 426
Multiservice Converged Packet Switched Backbone	p. 427
L2VPNS over MPLS Backbone	p. 428
L2VPNs Architecture Generic Components	p. 428
Metro Ethernet Services	p. 436
Ethernet Virtual Connection (EVC)	p. 436
E-Line Service	p. 436
E-LAN Service	p. 436
Metro Ethernet Services Over MpPLS	p. 437
Emulation of E-Line Services using VPWS	p. 438
E-Line Service Emulation Walk-Through Example	p. 441
Emulation of E-LAN Services using VPLS	p. 443
E-LAN Service Emulation Walk-Through Example	p. 448
Importance of VPLS for Metro Ethernet Services	p. 449
Summary	p. 450
Appendix A: MPLS Basics	p. 451
Forwarding Equivalence Class	p. 451
Labels	p. 451
Label Encoding	p. 452
Label Switched Router (LSR)	p. 453
Label Stack Operations - Imposition, Disposition, Swapping	p. 453
MPLS Control Plane	p. 453
MPLS Forwarding Plane	p. 454
Label Switched Path (LSP)	p. 454
Benefits of MPLS Technology	p. 455
References	p. 455
Metro Ethernet Circuit Emulation Services	p. 457
Metro Ethernet Circuit Emulation Services	p. 457
Circuit Emulation Service Definition	p. 457
Circuit Emulation Service Framework	p. 466
References	p. 496
Metro Ethernet Network Resiliency and Traffic Management	p. 497
Metro Ethernet Network Resiliency	p. 497
Introduction	p. 497
Protection Terminology	p. 499
Discussion of Terminology	p. 504
Protection Reference Model	p. 505
Requirements for Ethernet Services protection mechanisms	p. 516
Framework for Protection in the Metro Ethernet	p. 521
Metro Ethernet Traffic and Performance Management	p. 524
Ethernet Traffic Management Overview	p. 524
References	p. 526
SONET Services for Storage Area Networks	p. 527
Data Growth	p. 527
Storage Networking	p. 528
Storage Area Networks	p. 531
Factors Driving SAN Extension	p. 532
Fibre Channel: The Storage Protocol of Choice	p. 534
Distance Extension Requirements	p. 536
Distance Extension Alternatives	p. 538
Legacy Private Line	p. 539
WDM	p. 539
Storage over IP	p. 540
SONET/SDH	p. 541
SONET - An Ideal Distance Extension Protocol	p. 542
Making SONET Fit-The Role of Standards	p. 544
Summary	p. 547
References	p. 548
Control and Management of Transport Networks	p. 549
Architecting the Automatically Switched Transport Network	p. 551
Introduction	p. 551
Network Requirements (G.807)	p. 553
Architectural Context	p. 554
Call and Connection Control	p. 555
Business and Operational Aspect	p. 559
Reference Points and Domains	p. 562
Architecture Principles	p. 564
Supporting Functions and Requirements	p. 567
Signaling Communications Network Requirements	p. 570
Support for Transport Network Survivability	p. 571
Architecture (G.8080)	p. 571
The Control Plane View of the Transport Network	p. 576
Identifying Components	p. 578
General Component Properties and Special Components	p. 580
Component Overview	p. 580
Interlayer Modeling	p. 583
Distribution models	p. 585
An Example of Components in Action	p. 586
Identifier Spaces	p. 588
Restoration Architecture	p. 593
Signaling Communications Network Architecture (G.7712)	p. 595
Signaling Methods	p. 596
Delivery of Control Plane Messages	p. 597
DCN Topologies	p. 599
DCN Reliability Considerations	p. 602
DCN Security Considerations	p. 603
Service Activation Process Elements	p. 603
Discovery (G.7714)	p. 604
Discovery and Connectivity Verification	p. 605
Discovery Architecture	p. 606
Types of Discovery	p. 607
Discovery Considerations across Administrative Boundaries	p. 611
Routing (G.7715 and G.7715.1)	p. 611
Requirements	p. 611
Architecture	p. 615
Hierarchy in Routing	p. 619
Routing Information Exchange	p. 621
Signaling (G.7713)	p. 626
Call and Connection Management Operations	p. 627
Basic Call and Connection Control Sequences	p. 628
Signaling Attributes	p. 630
Signaling Application Example	p. 631
Control Plane Management	p. 633
Protocol Analysis	p. 637
Analysis Approach	p. 637
Requirements Implications on Protocol Solutions	p. 639
Methods and Protocols - Discovery	p. 640
Layer Adjacency Discovery Methods	p. 640
Methods and Protocols - Signaling	p. 643
G.7713.1 PNNI Signaling	p. 643
G.7713.2 GMPLS RSVP-TE Signaling	p. 644
G.7713.3 GMPLS CR-LDP	p. 648
Interoperability and Interworking	p. 649
Methods and Protocols - routing	p. 651
Signaling Communications Network - Mechanisms (G.7712)	p. 652
Futures	p. 653
Acknowledgements	p. 655
References	p. 655
Intra-Network Elements and Component-Centric Standards	p. 659
Intra-Network Elements Communication	p. 661
Introduction	p. 661
Requirement Placed on the Network Elements by the Network	p. 662
Network Element Design and Interface Architecture	p. 664
Packet Based Network Elements	p. 665
TDM Based Network Elements	p. 666
Hybrid (TDM + Cell/Packet Based) Network Element Architecture	p. 667
2.5 Gbits/s Systems	p. 668
SPI-3 Signal Descriptions	p. 669
10 Gbits/s Systems	p. 672
System Framer Interface-4 Phase 1 (SFI-4 Phase 1)	p. 672
SPI-4 Phase 1 (Oc-192 System Packet Interface)	p. 674
System Framer lnterface-4 Phase 2 (SFI-4 Phase 2)	p. 677
SPI-4 Phase 2 (Oc-192 System Packet Interface)	p. 679
40 Gbits/s Systems	p. 681
Serdes Framer Interface-5 (Sfi-5)	p. 682
SPI-5 (Oc-768 System Packet Interface)	p. 685
TFI-5 (TDM Fabric to Framer Interface)	p. 687
Acknowledgements	p. 688
References	p. 688
ITU Optical Interface Standards	p. 691
Introduction	p. 691
ITU Optical Interface Standards	p. 692
Historical Perspective	p. 692
Transverse versus Longitudinal Compatibility	p. 700
Overview of Optical Fiber Types and Associated Recommendations	p. 703
Overview of Optical Interface Recommendations	p. 706
Application Code Terminology Related To Distance	p. 709
Power Budget Design Considerations and Limitations	p. 710
Optical Interface Implementations	p. 712
General	p. 712
140 Mbit/s - 2.5 Gbit/s Technology	p. 713
10 Gbit/s Technology	p. 721
40 Gbit/s Technology	p. 729
Considerations on Optical Fault and Degradation Detection	p. 729
General	p. 729
Faults in Conventional Transmitters and Receivers	p. 729
Faults in Optically Amplified Systems	p. 731
Notes	p. 732
Acknowledgments	p. 733
References	p. 733
High-Speed Serial Interconnect	p. 735
Introduction	p. 735
Chip-Chip Interconnect	p. 736
Backplane Interconnect	p. 736
High-Speed Interconnect System Architecture	p. 737
Topologies	p. 737
Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Interconnects	p. 738
Compliance Test Methodology	p. 742
Eye Mask	p. 742
Jitter modeling conventions for high-speed interfaces	p. 744
Bathtub curve analysis of jitter	p. 746
Interconnect Extension Using De-Emphasis and Equalization	p. 748
De-emphasis at the Transmitter	p. 749
Equalization at the Receiver	p. 754
Usage Models	p. 756
Standards-Based High-Speed Interconnect	p. 758
OIF SxI-5	p. 758
OIF TFI-5	p. 759
IEEE 802.3ae Clause 47, XAUI	p. 759
Backplane Ethernet	p. 760
Summary of Standards-Based High-Speed Interconnect	p. 760
Higher and Higher Speeds	p. 762
Summary	p. 764
Notes	p. 764
References	p. 764
Standards Development Process	p. 765
Standards Development Process	p. 767
Introduction	p. 767
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU)	p. 768
Hierarchy	p. 768
Membership	p. 772
Standards Development	p. 772
Technology-Specific Industry Forums	p. 776
Message	p. 776
What is involved? Election/hierarchy	p. 777
The History behind Standards Groups: Why join?	p. 779
Membership	p. 780
Reality of human nature	p. 781
Teamwork	p. 782
Conclusion	p. 783
Index	p. 785
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Optical Networking Standards : A Comprehensive Guide for Professionals

A Comprehensive Guide for Professionals

At a Glance

Hardcover

Shipping

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