Preface xxvii
Acknowledgment xxxiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Production and Operations History and Perspective 5
1.3 Production and Operations Models 8
1.4 Systems Approach and Tools 16
1.5 Multicriteria Production/Operation Systems 21
1.6 Product and Process Life Cycle 26
1.7 Learning Curves 29
1.8 Capacity Planning 33
1.9 Machining/Operation Optimization 36
References 40
Exercises 42
2 Multicriteria Decision Making 49
2.1 Introduction 49
2.2 Efficiency and Its Extensions 54
2.3 Utility Functions 62
2.4 Additive Utility Function: Ordinal/Cardinal Approach 75
2.5 Multiplicative ZUT 93
2.6 Goal-Seeking ZUT 100
2.7 Multiple Objective Optimization 111
2.8 Goal-Seeking Multiple Objective Optimization 119
2.9 Paired Comparison and Interactive Methods 125
References 131
Exercises 134
3 Forecasting 145
3.1 Introduction 145
3.2 Forecasting Approaches 148
3.3 Time Series: Moving Averages 158
3.4 Time Series: Exponential Smoothing 161
3.5 Time Series: Trend-Based Methods 166
3.6 Time Series: Cyclic/Seasonal 170
3.7 Linear Regression 174
3.8 Multiple-Variable Linear Regression 183
3.9 Quadratic Regression 188
3.10 Z Theory Nonlinear Regression and Times Series 196
References 201
Exercises 203
4 Aggregate Planning 213
4.1 Introduction 213
4.2 Graphical Approach 215
4.3 Tabular Method 220
4.4 Linear Programming Method 227
4.5 Integrated LP Aggregate Planning 237
4.6 Multiobjective LP Aggregate Planning 244
4.7 Dissaggregation and Master Schedule 252
References 255
Exercises 256
5 Push-and-Pull (MRP/JIT) Systems 265
5.1 Introduction 265
5.2 Materials Requirement Planning: Push System 267
5.3 Lot-Sizing Approaches 272
5.4 Lot Sizing with Capacity Constraints 280
5.5 Lot-Sizing Optimization 283
5.6 Extensions of MRP 294
5.7 Just-In-Time: Pull System 297
5.8 Multicriteria Hybrid Push-and-Pull Systems 301
Systems 303
References 304
Exercises 306
6 Inventory Planning and Control 313
6.1 Introduction 313
6.2 Economic Order Quantity 317
6.3 Economic Production Quantity 324
6.4 EOQ: Allowing Shortages 327
6.5 Multicriteria Inventory 332
6.6 Quantity Discount Inventory 342
6.7 Multi-Item Inventory 349
Optimization 351
6.8 Multi-Item Inventory Classification 355
6.9 Probabilistic Inventory and Safety Stock 361
6.10 Single-Period Model: Perishable 364
References 370
Exercises 372
7 Scheduling and Sequencing 381
7.1 Introduction 381
7.2 Sequencing n Jobs by One Processor 383
7.3 Sequencing n Jobs by Two Processors 395
7.4 Sequencing n Jobs by m Processors 402
7.5 Job Shop of Two Jobs by m Processors 408
7.6 Sequencing of n - m: Head¢"Tail Approach 411
7.7 Stochastic Sequencing 421
References 427
Exercises 429
8 Project Management 439
8.1 Introduction 439
8.2 Critical-Path Method 441
8.3 CPM Time¢"Cost Trade-Off Method 452
8.4 Linear Programming for Project Management 461
8.5 PERT: Probabilistic CPM 470
8.6 Project Management with Resource Constraints 479
References 487
Exercises 489
9 Supply Chain and Transportation 499
9.1 Supply Chain Management 499
9.2 Assignment Problem 504
9.3 Optimization for Assignment 514
9.4 Transportation Problem 520
9.5 Optimization for Transportation 528
References 535
Exercises 537
10 Productivity and Efficiency 547
10.1 Introduction 547
10.2 Basic Productivity Indexes 548
10.3 Multifactor Productivity Growth 551
10.4 Single-Factor Efficiency 553
10.5 Multifactor Efficiency and DEA 555
10.6 Multicriteria Efficiency and DEA 560
10.7 Productivity of a Network of Processors 564
References 570
Exercises 571
11 Energy System Design and Operation 579
11.1 Introduction 579
11.2 Energy Perspective 583
11.3 Multicriteria Energy Decisions 587
11.4 Routing and Procurement in Energy Systems 591
11.5 Optimization of Energy Systems 602
11.6 Efficiency of Energy Systems 619
11.7 Case Study: Wind Energy System 622
References 630
Exercises 632
12 Clustering and Group Technology 643
12.1 Introduction 643
12.2 Clustering Data and Measurements 647
12.3 Group Technology Clustering 651
12.4 Rank Order Clustering 655
12.5 Similarity Coefficient¢"Hierarchical Clustering 664
12.6 P-Median Optimization Clustering 679
12.7 K-Means Clustering 689
12.8 Multiperspective Multicriteria Clustering 697
References 704
Exercises 706
13 Cellular Layouts and Networks 717
13.1 Introduction 717
13.2 Unidirectional Network Problem 721
13.3 Unidirectional Head¢"Tail Methods 724
13.4 Bidirectional Head¢"Tail Methods 735
13.5 Unidirectional Optimization 743
13.6 Bidirectional Optimization 749
13.7 Combinatorial Optimization by Head¢"Tail 754
References 768
Exercises 770
14 Assembly Systems 777
14.1 Introduction 777
14.2 Assembly Line Problem 778
14.3 Assembly Line Balancing Methods 779
14.4 Qualitative ALB: Head¢"Tail Approach 783
14.5 Multicriteria ALB 786
14.6 Mixed-Product ALB 791
14.7 Stochastic ALB 793
References 795
Exercises 797
15 Facility Layout 803
15.1 Introduction 803
15.2 Systematic Layout Planning 810
15.3 Rule-Based Layout 814
15.4 Pairwise Exchange Method 830
15.5 Multicriteria Layout Planning 836
15.6 Facility Relayout 839
15.7 Quadratic Assignment Optimization 845
15.8 Layout Software Packages 848
References 849
Exercises 851
16 Location Decisions 861
16.1 Introduction 861
16.2 Break-Even Analysis 863
16.3 Rectilinear Method 865
16.4 Euclidean Method 872
16.5 Multicriteria Location Selection 876
16.6 Location Allocation¢"Supplier Selection 881
References 891
Exercises 893
17 Quality Control and Assurance 903
17.1 Introduction 903
17.2 Multiple-Criteria Quality Function Deployment 906
17.3 Process Control Background 912
17.4 Process Control Variable Charts 920
17.5 Process Control Capability 932
17.6 Process Control Attribute Charts 935
17.7 Acceptance Sampling Characteristics 944
17.8 Acceptance Sampling Outgoing Quality 954
References 961
Exercises 963
18 Work Measurement 973
18.1 Introduction 973
18.2 Work Analysis 975
18.3 Standard Time 977
18.4 Sample Size for Standard Time 981
18.5 Multicriteria Sampling for Standard Time 988
18.6 Work Sampling 991
18.7 Predetermined time standards 999
References 1001
Exercises 1002
19 Reliability and Maintenance 1009
19.1 Introduction 1009
19.2 Reliability of Single Units 1010
19.3 Mean Time between Failure 1016
19.4 Reliability of Multiple Units 1021
19.5 Multicriteria Reliability of Multiple Units 1024
19.6 Maintenance Policies 1029
19.7 Replacement Policies 1033
References 1042
Exercises 1044
Appendix A The Standard Normal Distribution 1053
Appendix B Cumulative Binomial Probabilities 1055
Appendix C Cumulative Poisson Probabilities 1057
Index 1063
