Open Multithreaded Transactions

A Transaction Model for Concurrent Object-Oriented Programming

By: JÃ¶rg Kienzle

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Hardcover | 30 November 2003

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Hardcover
310 Pages

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24.13 x 16.51 x 1.52

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Modem computer systems possess two main characteristics: their ever growing complexity and the increasing number and range of abnormal situa tions they have to cope with successfully in order to deliver the service. Developing such systems is ademanding task requiring discipline and cIear thinking, which are best ensured by the right design mechanisms aiming at both appropriate system structuring and a disciplined provision of fault toler ance. The groundlaying research of the 60s and 70s created a solid basis in this area by developing a number of fundamental mechanisms, such as ACID (atomicity, consistency, isolation and durability) transactions, atomic actions (Brain Randell's conversations) and exception handling. Later on, a number of advanced techniques were proposed to overcome some of the limitations and rigidity of these mechanisms and to allow system developers to effec tively deal with specific characteristics of a particular application, an applica tion domain, design paradigm and execution environment. These incIude a variety of advanced transactional schemes and a number of novel exception handling techniques. In the last years, there has been a surge of interest in developing more advanced mechanisms combining properties of several fundamental mecha nisms to make it easier for system developers to cope, in a more flexible and efficient fashion, with complexity, distribution and heterogeneity of emerging applications as weil as with an increasing variety of possible faults.

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Foreword	p. xvii
Preface	p. xix
Transaction Models
Fundamental Concepts	p. 3
Object-Orientation	p. 3
Base Principles	p. 3
Concepts	p. 4
Object-Oriented Programming	p. 5
Evolution of Object-Oriented Programming	p. 6
Objects	p. 7
Classes	p. 7
Inheritance	p. 7
Polymorphism	p. 8
Interactions	p. 8
Preconditions, Postconditions and Invariants	p. 9
Aspect-Orientation	p. 9
Concurrency	p. 11
Nature of Concurrent Systems	p. 11
Concurrency and Object-Oriented Programming	p. 12
Direct Communication	p. 13
Communication via Shared Passive Objects	p. 14
Deadlocks and Starvation	p. 15
Fault Tolerance	p. 16
Terminology	p. 16
Fault Classification	p. 17
Failure Semantics	p. 18
Redundancy	p. 19
Error Processing	p. 19
System Structuring for Fault Tolerance	p. 20
Exceptions	p. 21
Exception Handling in Concurrent Systems	p. 23
Persistence	p. 24
Persistence and Programming Languages	p. 25
Transaction Models	p. 27
Atomic Units of System Structuring	p. 28
Atomic Units and Exception Handling	p. 28
Competitive and Cooperative Structuring Units	p. 29
Competitive World: Transactions and Derivatives	p. 29
Flat Transactions	p. 31
Flat Transactions with Savepoints	p. 32
Chained Transactions	p. 34
Nested Transactions	p. 34
Recoverable Communicating Actions	p. 39
Sagas	p. 39
OASIS Business Transactions	p. 40
Collaborative World: Conversations and Derivatives	p. 41
Conversations	p. 41
Atomic Actions	p. 42
Combining Cooperative and Competitive Concurrency	p. 44
Multithreading inside Transactions	p. 44
Multithreaded Transactions	p. 45
Coordinated Atomic Actions	p. 47
Open Multithreaded Transactions	p. 51
Motivations	p. 51
Requirements	p. 52
Integration Requirements	p. 52
Guaranteeing the ACID Properties	p. 53
Analysis of Existing Models	p. 54
Open Multithreaded Transactions	p. 55
Starting an Open Multithreaded Transaction	p. 56
Joining an Open Multithreaded Transaction	p. 56
Concurrency Control in Open Multithreaded Transactions	p. 57
Ending an Open Multithreaded Transaction	p. 57
Exception Handing in Open Multithreaded Transactions	p. 59
Classification of Exceptions	p. 59
Internal Exceptions	p. 59
External Exceptions	p. 60
Additional Considerations	p. 61
Closing an Open Multithreaded Transaction	p. 61
Naming an Open Multithreaded Transaction	p. 62
Deserters	p. 63
Transactional Objects	p. 63
Exception Resolution	p. 64
Open Multithreaded Transactions as Firewalls for Errors	p. 65
Comparison	p. 66
The Optima Framework
Overall Design	p. 71
General Considerations	p. 71
Design Patterns	p. 72
The Abstract Factory Design Pattern	p. 72
The Strategy Design Pattern	p. 74
The Serializer Design Pattern	p. 75
Optima Framework Design Overview	p. 77
Transaction Support	p. 78
Concurrency Control	p. 78
Recovery	p. 79
Transaction Support	p. 81
States of an Open Multithreaded Transaction	p. 81
Synchronizing Participant Exit	p. 82
Monitoring Accesses to Transactional Objects	p. 82
Handling Nesting	p. 83
The Transaction Hierarchy	p. 83
Handling Named Transactions	p. 84
Concurrency Control	p. 85
Handling Cooperative Concurrency	p. 86
Handling Competitive Concurrency	p. 86
Pessimistic Concurrency Control	p. 86
Optimistic Concurrency Control	p. 88
Encapsulating Different Concurrency Control Strategies	p. 89
Concurrency Control Information for Operations	p. 90
Strict Concurrency Control	p. 91
Semantic-Based Concurrency Control	p. 91
Commutativity	p. 92
Encapsulating Operation Concurrency Control Information	p. 94
Recovery	p. 97
Global Design	p. 98
Persistence Support	p. 98
Classification of Storage Devices	p. 99
Object Serialization	p. 103
Identification of Transactional Objects	p. 104
Storage Management	p. 105
Caching Support	p. 106
Cache Fetch Algorithm	p. 107
Cache Replacement Algorithm	p. 107
Extensible Cache Design	p. 108
Consequences of Caching	p. 109
Logging	p. 109
Encapsulating Logging Techniques	p. 111
Encapsulating Log Information	p. 111
Recovery Support	p. 112
Recovery Strategies	p. 112
Encapsulating Recovery Strategies	p. 113
Undo/NoRedo Recovery Algorithms	p. 115
NoUndo/Redo Recovery Algorithms	p. 116
Undo/Redo Recovery Algorithms	p. 117
Interfacing with Programming Languages	p. 119
Associating Participants with a Transaction	p. 120
Encapsulating Objects	p. 121
The Transactional Object	p. 121
Handling Durability	p. 123
Encapsulating Operation Invocations on Data Objects	p. 123
Tying Things Together	p. 125
In-place Update and Deferred Update	p. 126
Trace of an Operation Invocation	p. 128
Initializing and Shutting Down the Transaction Support	p. 129
Providing Transactions at the Programming Language Level	p. 130
Procedural Interface	p. 130
Object-Based Interface	p. 133
Object-Oriented Interface	p. 135
Aspect-Oriented Interface	p. 136
Comments on a Potential Reflective Interface	p. 139
Optima Implementation
Ada 95	p. 143
Ada 83 vs. Ada 95	p. 143
Object-Oriented Programming in Ada	p. 144
Controlled Types	p. 146
Concurrency in Ada	p. 147
Tasks	p. 147
Task Identification	p. 147
Task Attributes	p. 148
The Rendezvous	p. 148
Protected Types	p. 149
Asynchronous Transfer of Control	p. 152
Integration of Concurrency and Object-Orientation in Ada	p. 153
Extensible Protected Types	p. 153
Distributed Systems in Ada	p. 156
Remote Procedure Calls	p. 157
Distributed Objects	p. 159
Fault Tolerance in Distributed Ada	p. 159
Exceptions in Ada	p. 159
The Package Ada. Exceptions	p. 161
Persistence in Ada	p. 162
Implementation for Ada 95	p. 165
Implementing the Framework	p. 165
Objects	p. 165
Concurrency Control	p. 167
Persistence	p. 170
Initializing and Shutting Down the Transaction Support	p. 173
Transaction Framework Interfaces for Ada 95	p. 174
Transaction Identifier Management	p. 174
Encapsulating Data Objects	p. 175
Procedural Interface	p. 176
Object-Based Interface	p. 179
Object-Oriented Interface	p. 182
Aspect-Oriented Interface	p. 184
Related Work	p. 195
Argus	p. 195
Camelot and Avalon	p. 198
Arjuna	p. 201
Venari / ML	p. 203
Transactional Drago	p. 204
PJama	p. 205
Isis	p. 206
CORBA Object Transaction Service	p. 207
Enterprise Java Beans	p. 209
Case Study
Online Auction System	p. 217
Requirements	p. 217
Application Design	p. 221
Implementation	p. 227
Bibliography	p. 241
Author and Citation Index	p. 263
Index	p. 273
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Open Multithreaded Transactions

A Transaction Model for Concurrent Object-Oriented Programming

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