Oceanic Migration

Paths, Sequence, Timing and Range of Prehistoric Migration in the Pacific and Indian Oceans

By: Charles E.M. Pearce (Editor), F. M. Pearce (Editor)

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Hardcover | 25 June 2015

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Hardcover
428 Pages

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22.86 x 15.24 x 2.54

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This book tracks the progress of the prehistoric influx Of population into the Pacific region, the last set of migrations involved in peopling the planet that saw the colonization of islands stretching across a quarter of the globe: from Madagascar in the west to Easter Island in the east, from Hawaii in the north to New Zealand in the south. The authors use science and mathematics to cast new light on this final human expansion. The book focuses on two undeveloped areas of research, showing how oceanography and global climate change determined the paths, sequence, timing and range of migrations. Though the book has an oceanographic base and Pacific prehistory as its focus, it is interdisciplinary. It was a belief in the power of science to advance other disciplines that prompted its writing. In the last decade genetic research has established Halmahera, the largest of the Spice Islands, rather than Taiwan as the ancient Polynesian homeland. Taking this as a starting point, the reader is led on a journey of discovery that takes in fields as diverse as oceanography, genetics, geology and vulcanology, ship hydrodynamics, global climate history and palaeodemography.

Key themes Prehistoric migration West Pacific Warm Pool currents

Primary oceanic routes

Settlement sequence

Transoceanic spice trading

Climate-driven chronology

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Early Exploration Strategies and Migration Paths
Introduction	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
Genetic Evidence for a Spice Island Polynesian Homeland	p. 5
Cold Adaptation	p. 6
A New Focus	p. 7
Some of the Implications of a Spice Island-Based Polynesian Prehistory	p. 8
Consilience	p. 11
References	p. 15
The Genetic Context	p. 17
Introduction	p. 17
Speculative Prehistory for the Lapita Peoples	p. 18
Genetic Evidence for a Lapita Homeland in Wallacea	p. 23
Evidence for a Spice Island Homeland from the Study of Commensal Animals	p. 26
Polynesian Cold Resistance and Famine Resistance: Houghton's Evidence	p. 27
Houghton's Prehistory for the Proto-Polynesians	p. 32
References	p. 34
The Oceanographic Context	p. 37
The West Pacific Warm Pool	p. 37
The Oceanographic Functions of the West Pacific Warm Pool	p. 42
The Major West Pacific Warm Pool Currents	p. 43
Early Evidence for Maritime Trading in the Spice Island Region	p. 44
The West Pacific Warm Pool as a Long-Distance Voyaging Nursery	p. 46
Spice Island Expansion from Regional to Long-Distance Trading After the Last Ice Age Flood	p. 50
International Spice Trading	p. 51
Ancient Spice Island Trading and Cultural Links with Mesopotamia and the Sepik/Ramu Region of New Guinea	p. 54
Evolution of the Sailing Strategy of Following Fast Warm Currents over Long Distances	p. 56
The Early Settlement of Micronesia	p. 58
Maritime Expansions from a Maritime Ice Age Refuge	p. 61
Solheim and the Nusantao Trading Culture	p. 62
A Summary	p. 63
References	p. 65
Transoceanic Trade and Migration (1)	p. 67
Introduction	p. 67
The Maori Whare Wananga Traditions	p. 69
The Cinnamon Route	p. 71
The Origins of the Malagasy	p. 74
Dating the First Settlement of Madagascar	p. 75
A Replica Voyage from Java to Africa	p. 81
Did Spice Island Mariners Follow Another Major Current from the West Pacific Warm Pool into the Indian Ocean?	p. 82
References	p. 85
Transoceanic Trade and Migration (2)	p. 87
Introduction	p. 87
Some Evidence for a First-Wave Spice Island Colony in Southern Japan	p. 89
Evidence from the Japanese Taro	p. 91
Evidence for a Second-Wave Spice Island Colony in Southern Japan	p. 94
Linguistic, Archaeological, Horticultural and Cultural Evidence	p. 95
The Moon/Lake Myth and the Myth of the Cosmogonic Tree	p. 97
A Summary	p. 99
References	p. 102
Transoceanic Voyaging in the Pacific	p. 103
Introduction	p. 103
Archaeological Evidence for Spice Island Contact with America	p. 104
The Polynesian Chicken in America	p. 108
Consilient Evidence for the Pre-Columbian Introduction of the Chicken to America	p. 109
The Asiatic Melanotic Chicken	p. 111
The Melanotic Chicken and the Cultural Complex of Cockfighting	p. 113
White Chickens and the Cultural Complex of Sacrifice and Divination	p. 114
References	p. 116
The Horticultural Context	p. 119
Plant Domestication in the Spice Islands	p. 119
Lapita Pottery	p. 124
The Lapita Migrations	p. 125
A Translocated Landscape	p. 126
A Readiness to Seize Opportunities	p. 129
References	p. 130
Transoceanic Trading in Two Oceans	p. 131
Introduction	p. 131
Chinese Contact with America	p. 132
Archaeological Evidence for the Introduction of American Plants to India	p. 136
First-Wave Introductions of American Plants to India	p. 137
First-Wave Introductions of Old World Plants to America	p. 138
Second-Wave Introductions of American Plants to India	p. 139
Estimating the Frequency of Transpacific Voyages	p. 140
Transoceanic Trading	p. 144
References	p. 145
Exploration Strategies, Settlement Sequence and the Evolution of Canoe Design	p. 147
Introduction	p. 147
Settlement Sequence: Avoiding Hypothermia	p. 150
Settlement Sequence: The Spur of Spice Trading	p. 151
Settlement Sequence: Significant Land Area and Rich Biota	p. 153
Settlement Sequence: The Problem of Settling on Long-Inhabited Continental Coasts	p. 154
Settlement Sequence: A Summary	p. 155
Migrations Within and from Eastern Polynesia: Evolution in Sailing Strategies and Canoe Design	p. 156
References	p. 159
Studying the History of Spice Island Migration through Cultural Diffusion	p. 161
Introduction	p. 161
The Preservation of Spice Island Matrilineal and Matrilocal Social Structures in New Zealand	p. 164
Studying Prehistory when there is a Paucity or Absence of Material Evidence	p. 166
The Early Migration History of Hawaii	p. 167
Studies with an Illuminating Singular Focus	p. 171
Part I: A Summary	p. 173
References	p. 176
Evidence for a Lapita-Age First Settlement of New Zealand
Challenging a Late First Settlement Date for New Zealand	p. 181
Introduction	p. 181
Factors Determining an Appropriate Population Growth Rate for Prehistoric New Zealand	p. 183
Time as the Fundamental Variable: The Demographic Implications of a 0.5% p.a. Growth Rate in Prehistoric New Zealand	p. 185
Environmental Evidence and First Settlement Dates	p. 190
The Impact of Climate on Demography	p. 191
References	p. 191
The Context of Global Climate Change: Climate-Driven Demography	p. 193
Introduction	p. 193
Climate-Driven Demography	p. 196
The Medieval Climatic Optimum in Tropical Polynesia	p. 198
A North American Analogue	p. 199
Climate-Driven Demography in New Zealand	p. 201
Warm Wet Periods and the Destruction of Archaeological Evidence	p. 201
The Medieval Climatic Optimum in New Zealand	p. 204
The Little Ice Age in New Zealand	p. 204
Cannibalism in New Zealand	p. 206
Erosion Triggered by Earthquake and Tsunami: Added Destruction of Archaeological Evidence	p. 210
References	p. 214
The Context of Field Archaeology: The Maori Pa	p. 217
Introduction	p. 217
Evidence from Early European Descriptions of Maori Pa	p. 218
Evidence from Field Archaeology	p. 222
Maori Pa in the Context of Falling Populations	p. 224
Indonesian Origins for New Zealand Pa?	p. 224
Deflated Estimates for Prehistoric Populations	p. 225
References	p. 228
New Zealand Palaeodemography: Archaeologically Based Demographic Evidence	p. 229
Introduction	p. 229
New Zealand Palaeodemography	p. 230
Assumptions in Brewis et al.	p. 232
Refined Estimation	p. 233
Differential Rates of Population Decline	p. 235
Establishing Estimates for the Total Non-pa Population of the North Island in AD 1445	p. 242
Evidence from Field Archaeology	p. 243
A Summary	p. 246
References	p. 247
Dating the First Settlement of New Zealand: A Power Law Analysis	p. 249
Pa Rank Size Distribution	p. 249
Estimating the Date of First Settlement	p. 252
An Explanation for the Fortification Sequence of Maori Pa	p. 255
Pa Defence with Falling Populations	p. 257
Near-Fatal Impact	p. 257
Summary of the Demographic Evidence in Part II	p. 259
References	p. 261
The Context of Oral Traditions: The Oral Transmission of History and Maui the Navigator's Visit to New Zealand	p. 263
Introduction	p. 263
Oral Traditions	p. 264
The Interface between Myth and History	p. 265
Exploration and Settlement in the Context of Global Climate Patterns	p. 266
Maui the Navigator's Visit to New Zealand	p. 268
Maui's Meeting with the Chieftainess of Orokoroko	p. 270
A Lapita Rat at Orokoroko	p. 272
The Death of Maui the Navigator	p. 273
Evidence for an Early First Settlement from Language Divergence	p. 274
Evidence for an Early First Settlement from Technological Impoverishment and Divergence	p. 277
Maori Affiliations with Western Polynesia	p. 278
Evidence of a Vestigial Clay Tradition in New Zealand	p. 279
Indirect and Consilient Evidence	p. 280
From Myth to Prehistory	p. 281
References	p. 282
The Mythological Context: Tree Worship and the Evolution of Creation Myths	p. 285
Introduction	p. 285
The People-Creating Tree or Tree of Life	p. 286
The Cosmogonic Tree in the Chatham Islands	p. 292
The Cosmogonic Tree as the Primal Power of Creation in Moriori Myth	p. 293
The Cosmogonic Tree in Moriori Ritual	p. 294
The Te Arawa Myth of the Cosmogonic Vine	p. 296
References	p. 299
Sketching a Chronology for the Exploration and Colonization of the Pacific
Dating the Last Migration to New Zealand	p. 303
Introduction	p. 303
The Historicity of the Heke	p. 305
Analysing Vacation in the Lengths of Canoe Genealogies	p. 308
Basic Data	p. 308
Statistical Analysis	p. 310
Historical Evidence that the Canoes of the Heke Were Contemporaneous	p. 311
Rarotongan Heke Traditions	p. 313
Historical Evidence for Migration Fleets	p. 314
Dating the Last Great Migration	p. 316
References	p. 324
Correlation of Significant Voyaging Activity with Rare Extreme Climate Events	p. 325
Introduction	p. 325
ENSO Low Nile Flood Proxy Data	p. 329
Sketching a Chronology for Long-Distance Voyaging	p. 330
Dating the First Eastern Polynesian Migrations to Hawaii	p. 332
Dating the Birth of Hema	p. 333
Sketching a Robust Chronology	p. 335
Two Polynesian Voyages of Exploration to the Antarctic	p. 336
Correlation of Significant Voyaging Activity with Rare Extreme Climate Events	p. 338
Dating the Navigators' Line	p. 339
A Climate-Correlated Chronology	p. 341
El Niño-Driven Migration in the Pacific	p. 343
References	p. 345
Dating the First Migration to New Zealand	p. 347
Introduction	p. 347
A Chronicle of Survivors	p. 348
Establishing a Generation Length for the Tamahiwaki Line	p. 350
Computing First Settlement Dates for the Chatham Islands and for New Zealand	p. 350
A Near-Extinction Event in the Early History of New-Zealand	p. 352
The Moriori Law of Non-violence	p. 356
Constructing a Chronology for Moriori Prehistory	p. 358
The Early Prehistory of New Zealand	p. 359
Suggesting a Chronology for Some Early Migrations to New Zealand	p. 361
Some Implications of Our Chronological Method and Results	p. 363
Low Maori Genetic Diversity	p. 365
References	p. 368
A Consilience of Evidence	p. 371
Appendix	p. 383
Index	p. 391
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Oceanic Migration

Paths, Sequence, Timing and Range of Prehistoric Migration in the Pacific and Indian Oceans

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Hardcover

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