Nonlinear Photonics

1. Nonlinear Photonics: Prospects and Problems.- 1.1 Nonlinear Materials.- 1.2 Nonlinear Devices.- 1.3 Applications of Nonlinear Photonics.- 1.4 Conclusion.- References.- 2. Semiconductor Nonlinear Materials.- 2.1 Optical Nonlinearities in Bulk Semiconductors.- 2.1.1 GaAs.- 2.1.2 ZnSe.- 2.1.3 CdS.- 2.1.4 CuCl.- 2.1.5 InSb, InAs, and CdHgTe.- 2.1.6 Thermal Nonlinearities in GaAs, CdS, ZnSe, and ZnS.- 2.2. Optical Nonlinearities in Low-Dimensional Semiconductors.- 2.2.1 Quantum Wells.- 2.2.2 Quantum Wires, Quantum Dots, and Semiconductor Doped Glasses.- 2.3 Optical Bistability and Nonlinear Optical Semiconductor Devices.- 2.3.1 Optical Bistability in Etalon Devices.- 2.3.2 Optical Bistability in Semiconductor Waveguide Devices.- 2.3.3 Optical Bistability in SEEDs.- 2.3.4 Thermal Etalon Devices.- 2.3.5 Optical Logic Gates.- 2.3.6 Use of the Optical Stark Effect in Logic Gates.- 2.3.7 Gain and Cascading Issues in Nonlinear Etalons.- 2.4 Conclusion.- References.- 3. Optical Interconnects.- 3.1 Potential Advantages of Optical Interconnects.- 3.2 Comparison of Electrical and Optical Interconnections.- 3.2.1 Electrical Interconnect Power Requirements.- 3.2.2 Optical Interconnects.- 3.2.3 Fan-Out.- 3.2.4 Ideal Optical Sources.- 3.2.5 Real Optical Sources.- 3.2.6 LED Emission Characteristics.- 3.2.7 Laser Diode Characteristics.- 3.3 Optical Distribution Techniques.- 3.3.1 Guided Optical Distribution Techniques.- 3.3.2 Free Space Distribution Methods.- 3.4 First-Order Analysis of Holographic Interconnects.- 3.4.1 Interconnect Parameters.- 3.4.2 Interconnect Designs.- 3.4.3 Comparison of Designs.- 3.4.4 Higher-Order Design Considerations.- 3.5 Summary and Future Directions.- References.- 4. First Implementations of Optical Digital Computing Circuits Using Nonlinear Devices.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.1.1 Optical Computing Architecture Considerations.- 4.1.2 Optical Logic Devices.- 4.2 Optical Bistability and Optical Logic.- 4.2.1 Refractive Optical Bistability.- 4.2.2 Early Demonstrations of Refractive Bistability.- 4.2.3 Optical Bistable Etalons as Logic and Memory Elements.- 4.2.4 Practical Aspects of Devices for Experimental Optical Digital Processors.- 4.3 Nonlinear Interference Filters as Optical Logic Elements.- 4.3.1 Bistability in Interference Filters.- 4.3.2 Linear Interference Filters.- 4.3.3 Nonlinear Interference Filters - Early Experiments.- 4.3.4 Theory and Optimization of NLIFs.- 4.3.5 Performance Limits of NLIFs.- 4.3.6 Bistable Etalons with Absorbed Transmission.- 4.4 All-Optical Digital Computing Circuits.- 4.4.1 Background.- 4.4.2 Coupled-Switch Circuits.- 4.4.3 Lock-and-Clock Loop Processors.- 4.4.4 Image Processing.- 4.4.5 Numerical Processing.- 4.4.6 Communication Applications.- 4.5 Conclusions.- References.- 5. Optical Processing with Nonlinear Photorefractive Crystals.- 5.1 Characteristic Parameters of Photorefractive Crystals.- 5.1.1 Crystal Sensitivity.- 5.1.2 Steady-State Diffraction Efficiency.- 5.1.3 Response Time of the Photorefractive Effect.- 5.2 Beam Coupling in Photorefractive Crystals.- 5.2.1 Influence of the Recording Parameters (Spatial Frequency, Fringe Velocity, Beam Ratio).- 5.2.2 Summary of Crystal Performance.- 5.3 Application of Beam Coupling to Optical Computing Operations.- 5.3.1 Image Amplification.- 5.3.2 Phase Conjugation in Photorefractive Crystals.- 5.3.3 Self-Pumped Phase Conjugation.- 5.3.4 Laser Beam Steering/Optical Interconnections.- 5.3.5 Self-Induced Optical Cavities.- 5.3.6 Optical Logic Gates and Parallel Algorithmic State Machines.- 5.3.7 Image Subtraction Using a Self-Pumped Phase Conjugate Mirror Interferometer.- 5.3.8 Novelty Filters.- 5.3.9 Image Convolution and Correlation.- 5.3.10 Coherent Homodyne Detection.- 5.4 Optical Memories with Photorefractive Crystals.- 5.4.1 Multiple Image Storage.- 5.4.2 Associative Memories.- 5.5 Concluding Remarks.- References.- 6. All-Optical Guided-Wave Devices for Switching and Routing.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.1.1 Speed or Parallelism?.- 6.1.2 Material Requirements.- 6.1.3 Fiber and Planar Waveguide Devices.- 6.2 Interferometric Devices.- 6.2.1 Mach-Zehnder Interferometers.- 6.2.2 Kerr Shutters.- 6.2.3 Dual-Mode Interferometers.- 6.3 Dual-Mode Switches.- 6.3.1 Nonlinear Directional Couplers.- 6.3.2 Experimental Nonlinear Directional Coupler Studies.- 6.3.3 Polarization Switching and Other Analogs.- 6.3.4 Nonlinear Waveguide Junctions.- 6.3.5 The Pulse Breakup Problem.- 6.4 Other Nonlinear Switching Phenomena.- 6.4.1 Nonlinear Parametric Processes and All-Optical Switching.- 6.4.2 Self-Trapping Devices.- 6.5 Conclusion.- References.