About the Author xvii
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxi
Acronyms xxiii
About the Companion Website xxix
Introduction xxxi
Brain, Wires, and Waves xxxv
1 Origins, Evolution, and Inspiration 1
1.1 Conceptual Foundations Before BCI 1
1.2 Scientific Milestones of the 20th Century 3
1.3 Key Historical Milestones in Acquisition and Methods 8
1.4 Summary 14
2 Cognitive Neuroscience Foundations 17
2.1 Brain Organization and Anatomy 18
2.2 The Brain in BCI: Structures and Signal Sources 21
2.3 Cognitive Functions in BCI 30
2.4 Neural Correlates: The "HOW" of Cognitive Decoding 34
2.5 Summary 35
3 Acquisition and Stimulation Technology 37
3.1 Invasive and Noninvasive Acquisition Technologies in BCI 37
3.2 Summary 53
4 Translational Brainâ"Computer Interfaces: Bridging Research to Practice 55
4.1 Clinical and Neuroscientific Foundations of Translational BCI 55
4.2 Real-world Deployment of BCI Systems 57
4.3 Bridging Theory and Application in Translational BCI 59x Contents
4.4 Summary 68
5 Automated Signal Processing for Neural Interfaces 71
5.1 From Traditional to Automated Signal Processing 71
5.2 Preprocessing and Artifact Handling 72
5.3 Feature Extraction for Neural Interfaces 78
5.4 Multimodal Signal Processing Considerations 88
5.5 Software Ecosystem for Signal Processing in Brainâ"Computer Interface (BCIs) 89
5.6 Relevance to Real-world BCI Applications 93
5.7 Summary 94
6 Machine Learning and Generative AI for Neural Decoding 95
6.1 ML Methods for Neural Data Analysis 95
6.2 Applications of Generative AI in Neural Interfaces 111
6.3 From Decoding to Intelligent Interaction 116
6.4 Summary 117
7 Innovative Environment and Tools 119
7.1 Gamified Environment 120
7.2 AR, VR, and MR Environment 126
7.3 Take-home Experiments 128
7.4 Summary 134
8 Applications of Brainâ"Computer Interfaces 135
8.1 Medical 135
8.2 Entertainment 140
8.3 Workplace 144
8.4 Neural Interface Applications Beyond BCIs 146
8.5 Summary 148
9 Enhancing Human Capabilities with Neural Interfaces 151
9.1 Speech and Mental Imagery in BCI 151
9.2 Neuroadaptive BCI 156
9.3 Natural BCI 158
9.4 Multimodality and Multitasking in BCI 161
9.5 Summary 162
10 Neuroethics 163
10.1 Responsible Technology Development 163
10.2 Public and Social Perception of BCI Technology 166
10.3 Identity, Agency, and Personhood 167
10.4 Mental Privacy and Cognitive Liberty 168
10.5 Neural Data Governance 168
10.6 Commercialization and Corporate Power 169
10.7 Neuroethical Guidelines 170
10.8 Practical Implementation 172
10.9 Examples 172
10.10 Summary 175
11 Challenges of Current Neural Interface Technology 177
11.1 Data Acquisition and Stimulation Challenge 177
11.2 Technological Challenge 180
11.3 Ethical Challenge 182
11.4 Design Challenge 183
11.5 Standardization and Interoperability Challenge 184
11.6 Reliability, Robustness, and Real-world Deployment Challenge 185
11.7 Usability and Human Factors Challenge 186
11.8 Calibration and Training Challenge 186
11.9 Long-term Safety and Physiological Impact Challenge 186
11.10 Psychological and Cognitive Load Challenge 187Contents xv
11.11 Social Acceptance and Trust Challenge 187
11.12 Summary 188
12 Envisioning the Future of Brainâ"Computer Interfaces 189
12.1 The Near Future: Practical Expectations for BCIs 190
12.2 Foundational Milestones in BCI Technology 192
12.3 Innovations Needed and Looking Ahead 195
12.4 Beyond the Horizon: The Next 50 Years of BCI 197
12.5 Summary 202
References 203
Index 217
