Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Conventions xv
Companion Website xvi
Abbreviations xvii
Principal Graphic Symbols xxvii
1 Setting the Context for Evolution and Convergence of Networks 1
1.1 Historical Background to Present Networks 2
1.2 Defining Present State Using Reference Models 4
1.2.1 Silo Model for Vertically Integrated Networks 5
1.2.2 Present State: Fixed and Mobile Networks with IN Overlay 6
1.2.3 Present State: Data Service in Mobile Networks 20
1.2.4 Present State: The Internet 23
1.2.5 Present State: Enterprise Networking 30
1.2.6 Present State: Switched and Leased-line Services 31
1.3 Evolution and Convergence 32
1.3.1 Initial Convergence Examples 33
1.3.2 Features of Convergence 34
1.4 The Next GenerationNetwork Concept 37
1.5 Conclusion 39
2 A Framework for Examining Next Generation Networks 41
2.1 Characteristics of Evolving Networks 41
2.1.1 Proliferation of Terminals and Access Networks 43
2.1.2 Core Network Types 44
2.1.3 Evolution of Service Architectures 45
2.2 Dealing with Complexity 48
2.3 Framework for EvolvingNetworks 51
2.3.1 Layering 53
2.3.2 Domains 62
2.3.3 Planes 64
2.3.4 Summary of the NGN Framework 67
2.4 Examples of Application of Framework 68
2.4.1 Legacy Networks Elements in the Framework 68
2.4.2 FromCircuit Switch to Softswitch 69
2.4.3 Conceptualising Convergence in Layered Model 72
2.4.4 Drawing the Boundary of the Regulated Domains 74
2.4.5 Digital Video Broadcasting in the Framework 74
2.5 Conclusion 76
3 Software Methodologies for Converged Networks and Services 77
3.1 Development of Software Methodologies for ICT 78
3.2 Software Processes in the NGN Framework 79
3.2.1 Software Analysis and Design Requirements 80
3.2.2 Functional Entities as Software Elements 80
3.2.3 Physical Entities in the Framework 82
3.2.4 Specification and Description Requirements 83
3.2.5 Modelling 83
3.3 High-level Analysis and DesignMethods 84
3.3.1 The Reference Model of Open Distributed Processing 84
3.3.2 Model Driven Architecture 88
3.3.3 SDL andMSC 90
3.3.4 A Legacy System Method: UFM 92
3.3.5 Generalising High-level Methods 94
3.3.6 Role of Software Architectures 95
3.3.7 Software Modelling Notations 95
3.4 Enterprise and Business Modelling Notation 98
3.4.1 Enterprise Language 98
3.4.2 UML Use Case Diagrams 99
3.5 Object and Data Definition Languages 100
3.5.1 UML Class and Object Diagrams 100
3.5.2 Abstract Syntax Notation One 102
3.5.3 Interface Definition Language 106
3.5.4 Classical Telecommunications Protocols 107
3.5.5 Method Calls as Application Protocols 108
3.5.6 IETF Text-based Protocols 108
3.5.7 HypertextMarkup Language 111
3.5.8 Extensible Markup Language 111
3.6 Dynamic Modelling Notations 114
3.6.1 Activity, Communication and Robustness Diagrams 114
3.6.2 Message Sequence Charts 115
3.6.3 State Diagrams 119
3.6.4 ConnectionModels 121
3.7 Component and Interface Notations 122
3.8 Distributed Systems 124
3.8.1 Network Protocol-based Distributed Systems 125
3.8.2 Remote Method Invocation 125
3.8.3 Web ServicesModel 126
3.8.4 CORBA-based Systems 127
3.9 Creating a Unified Framework 129
4 An NGN: the Managed Voice over IP Network 131
4.1 Development of Packet Multimedia Standards 132
4.2 Requirements on a Managed Voice Network 133
4.3 Properties of PacketisedVoice 134
4.3.1 Key Properties of Speech 134
4.3.2 Digitising Speech 135
4.3.3 Reducing the Bit-rate 135
4.3.4 Speech QualityMetrics 136
4.3.5 Audio Processing for Conferencing 137
4.4 General Concepts of Multimedia Communications 138
4.4.1 Access Configurations 140
4.4.2 Terminology 142
4.4.3 Generalised Softswitched System Configurations 142
4.4.4 Generalised Multimedia Call Signalling 144
4.5 Signalling Plane for Packet Multimedia 145
4.5.1 Real-time Transport Protocol 146
4.5.2 Reliable Signalling Transport in Packet Networks: SCTP 151
4.6 The H.323 Suite 156
4.6.1 Development and Structure of H.323 156
4.6.2 The H.323 Architecture 157
4.6.3 Gateway Decomposition 158
4.6.4 Addressing in H.323 systems 160
4.6.5 H.323 Protocol Stacks 160
4.7 Media Gateway Functions and Control 166
4.7.1 Media Gateway Entities 166
4.7.2 Media Gateway Control Protocol: Megaco 167
4.7.3 Media Gateway Control Protocol 170
4.8 Multimedia Communications Based on SIP 170
4.8.1 IETF Multimedia Conferencing Protocols 170
4.8.2 Architecture of SIPMultimedia Systems 172
4.8.3 SIP Methods and Modes of Operation 174
4.8.4 Session Description Protocol 178
4.8.5 Use Cases for SIP 179
4.9 Supplementary Services in Packet Telephony 185
4.9.1 Supplementary Services in H.323 185
4.9.2 Call Services in SIP Telephony 187
4.10 ITU-T Evolutionary Protocols: BICC 188
4.11 Voice on the Internet 190
4.12 Conclusion 191
5 Integrated Enterprise ICT Systems 193
5.1 Drivers and Requirements 193
5.1.1 Convergence in the Enterprise Domain 194
5.1.2 CorporateRequirements 195
5.1.3 Modelling Integrated Enterprise ICT Systems 197
5.2 Contributions to Convergence 198
5.2.1 Adoption of Commercial-off-the-Shelf Components 198
5.2.2 TheMultimedia Softswitch 199
5.2.3 Computer Telephony Integration 201
5.2.4 Enterprise System Software Architecture 214
5.3 Network Level Convergence 216
5.4 Application and Service Level Convergence 221
5.5 Conclusions 223
6 Legacies and Lessons: Broadband ISDN, TINA and TIPHON 225
6.1 Learning from History 225
6.2 The Broadband ISDN 226
6.2.1 B-ISDN Architecture 226
6.2.2 Asynchronous Transfer Mode 227
6.2.3 Call and Connection Control 229
6.2.4 Routing and Call Control Protocols 230
6.2.5 B-ISDN and IN 231
6.2.6 Appraisal of B-ISDN 231
6.3 TINA Architecture 232
6.3.1 The TINA Architecture 232
6.3.2 TINA Layers 234
6.3.3 Planes: Hiding Physical Resources 235
6.3.4 TINA and RM-ODP 235
6.4 Business Model and Reference Points 236
6.4.1 Generic Business Domains 236
6.4.2 Interdomain Reference Points 238
6.4.3 Business Scenarios 239
6.5 TINA Service Architecture 240
6.5.1 Service Architecture: Information Viewpoint 241
6.5.2 Computational Viewpoint: the Service Components 243
6.6 Network Resource Architecture 254
6.6.1 Use Case 6: Convert Steam Binding to Network Connection 254
6.7 Lessons from TINA for NGNs 256
6.7.1 Achievements of TINA as an NGN 256
6.7.2 Weaknesses of TINA 257
6.8 TIPHON 260
6.8.1 Objectives of TIPHON 260
6.8.2 TIPHON LayeredModel 261
6.8.3 TIPHON BusinessModels 261
6.8.4 TIPHON Domain and Interworking Model 262
6.8.5 TIPHON Functional Architecture 263
6.8.6 Registration and Mobility in TIPHON 266
6.8.7 TIPHONMetaprotocol 267
6.8.8 TIPHON Implementation using Established Protocols 268
6.8.9 TIPHON and Multimedia Services 270
6.8.10 Appraisal of TIPHON 270
6.9 Conclusion 271
7 Important NGNs: Third Generation Mobile Communication Systems 273
7.1 Architectural Concepts 274
7.1.1 Concept of a Public Land Mobile Network 274
7.1.2 Structural Features of a PLNM 275
7.1.3 Geographical Relationships in a PLNM 277
7.2 Mobile Communication System Evolution 277
7.2.1 Baseline: the Second Generation Mobile Network 278
7.2.2 Identification of Mobile Network Generations 280
7.2.3 Evolution of the Radio Access Network 281
7.2.4 Development of the MSC 282
7.2.5 Terminals in the 3G Context 285
7.3 Services in the CS Domain 286
7.3.1 Mobility Management in the CS Domain 286
7.3.2 Call Handling in 3G Systems 287
7.3.3 Setting Up Bearer Connections in the 3G CS Domain 290
7.3.4 CAMEL-based Services in the CS Domain 290
7.4 Packet-switched Domain: GPRS-based Systems 296
7.4.1 GPRS-based Packet-domain Architecture 297
7.4.2 GPRS Support Node Functions 298
7.4.3 Mobility Management in the PS domain 299
7.4.4 PacketTransport in GPRS 300
7.4.5 Protocols Used in GPRS Access and Core 301
7.4.6 GPRS and CAMEL 303
7.5 IP Multimedia Subsystem 306
7.5.1 Origins and Objectives of the IMS 306
7.5.2 IMS Architecture and Components 308
7.5.3 IETF Protocols used in IMS 310
7.5.4 IMS ServiceModel 312
7.5.5 Session Control 313
7.5.6 Value-added IMServices 320
7.5.7 The 3GPP2 All-IP Approach to 3G Networks 324
7.6 Conclusion 325
8 Opening the Network using Application Programming Interfaces 327
8.1 Closed Network Evolution 327
8.2 Opening the Network 329
8.2.1 BusinessModels 331
8.3 The OSA/ParlayArchitecture 332
8.3.1 Architectural Concepts 332
8.3.2 API Definition Method and Technology Independence 334
8.4 Framework Interfaces and Use Cases 335
8.4.1 Use Case: Provisioning a Gateway Service 335
8.4.2 Use Cases: An Application Gains Access to a Service Manager 337
8.5 The OSA/ParlayGateway 339
8.5.1 Standard Service Capability Features 339
8.5.2 Interface Definition Design Pattern 340
8.5.3 Interaction in Communication-oriented SCFs 342
8.6 Communication-orientatedUse Cases 344
8.6.1 Call Control and User Interaction Interfaces 344
8.6.2 Concept of a Call in OSA Parlay 344
8.6.3 Interfaces and Interactions 348
8.6.4 Network Event Detection and Reporting 348
8.6.5 Call, Call Leg and Callback Object Creation 350
8.6.6 User Interaction 352
8.6.7 Handling a Triggered Notification 353
8.6.8 Call Supervision 354
8.6.9 Multimedia Media Stream Control 356
8.6.10 Conference Control 357
8.6.11 Data Session Control 360
8.6.12 GenericMessaging 361
8.6.13 Mobility, Account Management and Terminal Capabilities 363
8.6.14 Presence and Availability 364
8.6.15 Charging and Account Management 365
8.6.16 Connection Management 365
8.6.17 OSA/ParlayData Structures 365
8.6.18 Sample Service 366
8.7 ParlayXWeb Services 368
8.7.1 The Case for a Simpler API 368
8.7.2 The ParlayXWeb Services Architecture 369
8.7.3 Parlay X Web Service Example: Audiocall 372
8.7.4 Parlay X Implementation via OSA/Parlay 374
8.8 OSA/Parlay API Implementation Issues 374
8.8.1 Gateway-to-Network Interface 374
8.8.2 Abstraction Revisited 377
8.8.3 Service Deployment Scenarios 378
8.8.4 Service Creation 379
8.9 Other Approaches to Open Networks 380
8.9.1 JAIN 380
8.9.2 Open Mobile Alliance Service Environment 381
8.9.3 The Service Delivery Platform Concept 383
8.10 Conclusion 384
9 Operations Support Systems 385
9.1 Relationship of OSS/BSS to ICT Systems 386
9.2 Evolution of OSS/BSS 388
9.2.1 The OSI Network Management Model 389
9.2.2 IETF Network Management Standards 391
9.2.3 The Telecommunications Management Network 395
9.3 The TelecommunicationsOperationsMap 398
9.4 Enhancement of the TOM: eTOM 401
9.5 New GenerationOSS 402
9.6 Conclusion 405
10 Migration from Legacy to Next Generation Networks 407
10.1 Retrospect 407
10.2 Reflecting on Evolution and Convergence 408
10.2.1 The Evolution Metaphor, with Hindsight 408
10.2.2 Market-oriented Objectives 410
10.2.3 Promoting Convergence 411
10.3 TechnologyMigration 411
10.3.1 The Migration Process 412
10.4 Is There a TargetNGN? 415
10.4.1 Whither Fixed Networks? 416
10.4.2 Are Fixed and Mobile Networks Distinct? 417
10.4.3 Fourth Generation Mobile Communication Systems 417
10.5 Managing Complexity: Avoiding Pitfalls 418
10.5.1 Do Not Forget the Principles 419
10.5.2 Be Aware of Leaky Abstractions 419
10.5.3 SilosMay Still be Created 420
10.5.4 Be Aware of Hype 420
10.5.5 Handling The Great Debates 421
10.5.6 Evolution is an Ongoing Process 421
10.5.7 Revisit the Treasure House 422
10.6 A LastWord 422
Glossary 423
References 431
Index 447
