SECTION 1-NORMAL AND ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT 1-1 Embryo at 18 Days, 2 1-2 Embryo at 20 to 24 Days, 3 1-3 Central Nervous System at 28 Days, 4 1-4 Central Nervous System at 36 Days, 5 1-5 Defective Neural Tube Formation, 6 1-6 Defective Neural Tube Formation (Continued), 7 1-7 Spinal Dysraphism, 8 1-8 Spinal Dysraphism (Continued), 9 1-9 Fetal Brain Growth in the First Trimester, 10 1-10 Craniosynostosis, 11 1-11 Extracranial Hemorrhage and Skull Fractures in the Newborn, 12 1-12 Intracranial Hemorrhage in the Newborn, 13 1-13 The External Development of the Brain in the Second and Third Trimesters, 14 1-14 Mature Brain Ventricles, 15 1-15 Hydrocephalus, 16 1-16 Surgical Treatment of Hydrocephalus, 17 1-17 Cerebral Palsy, 18 1-18 Establishing Cellular Diversity in the Embryonic Brain and Spinal Cord, 20 1-19 Generation of Neuronal Diversity in the Spinal Cord and Hindbrain, 22 1-20 Circuit Formation in the Spinal Cord, 23 1-21 Sheath and Satellite Cell Formation, 24 1-22 Development of Myelination and Axon Ensheathment, 25 1-23 Brachial Plexus and/or Cervical Nerve Root Injuries at Birth, 26 1-24 Morphogenesis and Regional Differentiation of the Forebrain, 27 1-25 Neurogenesis and Cell Migration in the Developing Neocortex, 28 1-26 Neuronal Proliferation and Migration Disorders, 29 1-27 Developmental Dyslexia, 30 1-28 Autism Spectrum Disorders, 31 1-29 Rett Syndrome, 32 SECTION 2-CEREBRAL CORTEX AND NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS 2-1 Superolateral Surface of Brain, 34 2-2 Medial Surface of Brain, 35 2-3 Inferior Surface of Brain, 36 2-4 Cerebral Cortex: Function and Association Pathways, 37 2-5 Major Cortical Association Bundles, 38 2-6 Corticocortical and Subcorticocortical Projection Circuits, 39 2-7 Corpus Callosum, 40 2-8 Rhinencephalon and Limbic System, 41 2-9 Hippocampus, 42 2-10 Fornix, 43 2-11 Amygdala, 44 2-12 Forebrain Regions Associated with Hypothalamus, 45 2-13 Thalamocortical Radiations, 46 2-14 Neuronal Structure and Synapses, 47 2-15 Chemical Synaptic Transmission, 48 2-16 Summation of Excitation and Inhibition, 49 2-17 Types of Neurons in Cerebral Cortex, 50 2-18 Astrocytes, 51 2-19 Testing for Defects of Higher Cortical Function, 52 2-20 Memory Circuits, 53 2-21 Amnesia, 54 2-22 Dominant Hemisphere Language Dysfunction, 55 2-23 Nondominant Hemisphere Higher Cortical Dysfunction, 56 2-24 Alzheimer Disease: Pathology, 57 2-25 Alzheimer Disease: Distribution of Pathology, 58 2-26 Alzheimer Disease: Clinical Manifestations, Progressive Phases, 59 2-27 Frontotemporal Dementia, 60 2-28 Dementia with Lewy Bodies, 61 2-29 Vascular Dementia, 62 2-30 Treatable Dementias, 63 2-31 Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus, 64 SECTION 3-EPILEPSY 3-1 Electroencephalography, 66 3-2 Focal (Partial) Seizures, 67 3-3 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures, 68 3-4 Absence Seizures, 69 3-5 Epileptic Syndromes, 70 3-6 Neonatal Seizures, 71 3-7 Status Epilepticus, 72 3-8 Causes of Seizures, 73 3-9 Neurobiology of Epilepsy, 74 3-10 Neurobiology of Epilepsy (Continued), 75 3-11 Neurobiology of Epilepsy (Continued), 76 3-12 Treatment of Epilepsy: Preoperative Evaluation, 77 3-13 Treatment of Epilepsy: Resective Surgery, 78 SECTION 4-PSYCHIATRY 4-1 Limbic System, 80 4-2 Major Depressive Disorder, 81 4-3 Postpartum Depression, 82 4-4 Bipolar Disorder, 83 4-5 Generalized Anxiety Disorder, 84 4-6 Social Anxiety disorder, 85 4-7 Panic Disorder, 86 4-8 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, 87 4-9 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, 88 4-10 Somatization, 89 4-11 Conversion Disorder, 90 4-12 Schizophrenia, 91 4-13 Alcohol Use Disorders, 92 4-14 Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorders, 93 4-15 Alcohol Withdrawal, 94 4-16 Opioid Use Disorders, 95 4-17 Opioid Withdrawal, 96 4-18 Borderline Personality Disorder, 97 4-19 Antisocial Personality Disorder, 98 4-20 Intimate Partner Abuse, 99 4-21 Elder Abuse, 100 4-22 Delirium and Acute Personality Changes, 101 4-23 Delirium and Acute Personality Changes (Continued), 102 4-24 Insomnia, 103 4-25 Pediatrics: Depressive Disorders, 104 4-26 Pediatrics: Anxiety Disorders, 105 4-27 Pediatrics: Disruptive Behavior Disorders, 106 4-28 Pediatrics: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, 107 4-29 Pediatrics: Eating Disorders, 108 4-30 Child Abuse: Fractures in Abused Children, 109 4-31 Child Abuse: Staging of Injuries and Injury Patterns, 110 SECTION 5-HYPOTHALAMUS, PITUITARY, SLEEP, AND THALAMUS 5-1 Anatomic Relationships of the Hypothalamus, 112 5-2 Development and Developmental Disorders of the Hypothalamus, 113 5-3 Blood Supply of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland, 114 5-4 General Topography of the Hypothalamus, 115 5-5 Overview of Hypothalamic Nuclei, 116 5-6 Hypothalamic Control of the Pituitary Gland, 117 5-7 Hypothalamic Control of the Autonomic Nervous System, 118 5-8 Olfactory Inputs to the Hypothalamus, 119 5-9 Visual Inputs to the Hypothalamus, 120 5-10 Somatosensory Inputs to the Hypothalamus, 121 5-11 Taste and Other Visceral Sensory Inputs to the Hypothalamus, 122 5-12 Limbic and Cortical Inputs to the Hypothalamus, 123 5-13 Overview of Hypothalamic Function and Dysfunction, 124 5-14 Regulation of Water Balance, 125 5-15 Temperature Regulation, 126 5-16 Fever: Cytokines and Prostaglandins Cause the Sickness Response, 127 5-17 Fever: Hypothalamic Responses During Inflammation Modulate Immune Response, 128 5-18 Regulation of Food Intake, Body Weight, and Metabolism, 129 5-19 Stress Response, 130 5-20 Hypothalamic Regulation of Cardiovascular Function, 131 5-21 Hypothalamic Regulation of Sleep, 132 5-22 Narcolepsy: A Hypothalamic Sleep Disorder, 133 5-23 Sleep-Disordered Breathing, 134 5-24 Parasomnias, 135 5-25 Divisions of the Pituitary Gland and Its Relationships to the Hypothalamus, 136 5-26 Posterior Pituitary Gland, 137 5-27 Anatomic Relationships of the Pituitary Gland, 138 5-28 Effects of Pituitary Mass Lesions on the Visual Apparatus, 139 5-29 Anterior Pituitary Hormone Deficiencies, 140 5-30 Severe Anterior Pituitary Hormone Deficiencies (Panhypopituitarism), 141 5-31 Postpartum Pituitary Infarction (Sheehan Syndrome), 142 5-32 Pituitary Apoplexy, 143 5-33 Thalamic Anatomy and Pathology, 144 5-34 Thalamic Anatomy and Pathology (Continued), 145 SECTION 6-DISORDERS OF CONSCIOUSNESS (COMA) 6-1 Coma, 148 6-2 Disorders of Consciousness, 149 6-3 Full Outline of Unresponsiveness Score (FOUR), 150 6-4 Prognosis in Coma Related to Severe Head Injuries, 151 6-5 Differential Diagnosis of Coma, 152 6-6 Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Damage, 153 6-7 Vegetative State and Minimally Conscious State, 154 6-8 Brain Death, 155 6-9 Ventilatory Patterns and Apnea Test, 156 SECTION 7-BASAL GANGLIA AND MOVEMENT DISORDERS 7-1 Basal Nuclei (Ganglia), 158 7-2 Basal Ganglia and Related Structures 159 7-3 Schematic and Cross Section of Basal Ganglia, 160 7-4 Parkinsonism: Early Manifestations, 161 7-5 Parkinsonism: Successive Clinical Stages, 162 7-6 Neuropathology of Parkinson Disease, 163 7-7 Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, 164 7-8 Corticobasal Degeneration, 165 7-9 Parkinsonism: Hypothesized Role of Dopamine, 166 7-10 Surgical Management of Movement Disorders, 167 7-11 Hyperkinetic Movement Disorder: Idiopathic Torsion Dystonia, 168 7-12 Hyperkinetic Movement Disorder: Cervical Dystonia, 169 7-13 Chorea/Ballism, 170 7-14 Tremor, 171 7-15 Tics and Tourette Syndrome, 172 7-16 Myoclonus, 173 7-17 Wilson Disease, 174 7-18 Psychogenic Movement Disorders, 175 7-19 Cerebral Palsy, 176 SECTION 8-CEREBELLUM AND ATAXIA 8-1 Cerebellum and the Fourth Ventricle, 178 8-2 Cerebellum Gross Anatomy, 179 8-3 Cerebellar Peduncles, 180 8-4 Cerebellar Cortex and Nuclei, 181 8-5 Cerebellar Cortex and Nuclei (Continued), 182 8-6 Cerebellar Cortical and Corticonuclear Circuitry, 183 8-7 Cerebellar Cortical and Corticonuclear Circuitry (Continued), 184 8-8 Cerebellum Subdivisions and Afferent Pathways, 185 8-9 Cerebellum Subdivisions and Afferent Pathways (Continued), 186 8-10 Cerebellar Efferent Pathways, 187 8-11 Cerebellovestibular Pathways, 189 8-12 Cerebellum Modular Organization, 190 8-13 Cerebrocerebellar Connections, 191 8-14 Cerebellar Motor Examination, 192 8-15 Cerebellar Cognitive Affective Syndrome, 193 8-16 Cerebellar Disorders Differential Diagnosis, 194 8-17 Gait Disorders-Differential Diagnosis, 195 8-18 Gait Disorders-Differential Diagnosis (Continued), 196 8-19 Friedreich Ataxia, 197 SECTION 9-CEREBROVASCULAR CIRCULATION AND STROKE OVERVIEW AND APPROACH TO STROKE PATIENT 9-1 Arteries to Brain and Meninges, 200 9-2 Territories of the Cerebral Arteries, 201 9-3 Arteries of Brain: Lateral and Medial Views, 202 9-4 Arteries Of Brain: Frontal View and Section, 203 9-5 Stroke Subtypes, 204 9-6 Temporal Profile of Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) and Completed Infarction (CI), 205 9-7 Clinical Evaluation and Therapeutic Options in Stroke, 206 9-8 Clinical Evaluation and Therapeutic Options in Stroke (Continued), 207 9-9 Uncommon Etiologic Mechanisms in Stroke, 208 ANTERIOR CIRCULATION ISCHEMIA 9-10 Common Sites of Cerebrovascular Occlusive Disease, 209 9-11 Other Etiologies of Carotid Artery Disease, 210 9-12 Clinical Manifestations of Carotid Artery Disease, 211 9-13 Occlusion of Middle and Anterior Cerebral Arteries, 212 9-14 Diagnosis of Internal Carotid Disease, 213 9-15 Diagnosis of Carotid Artery Disease, 214 9-16 Carotid Endarterectomy, 215 9-17 Endovascular ICA Angioplasty and Stenting Using A Protective Device, 216 VERTEBRAL BASILAR SYSTEM DISORDERS 9-18 Arterial Distribution to the Brain: Basal View, 217 9-19 Arteries of Posterior Cranial Fossa, 218 9-20 Clinical Manifestations of Vertebrobasilar Territory Ischemia, 219 9-21 Intracranial Occlusion of Vertebral Artery, 220 9-22 Occlusion of Basilar Artery and Branches, 221 9-23 Occlusion of "Top of Basilar" and Posterior Cerebral Arteries, 222 BRAIN EMBOLI 9-24 Cardiac Sources of Brain Emboli, 223 9-25 Uncommon Cardiac Mechanisms In Stroke, 224 LACUNAR STROKE 9-26 Lacunar Infarction, 225 9-27 Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease, 226 OTHER 9-28 Hypertensive Encephalopathy, 227 9-29 Hypoxia, 228 COAGULOPATHIES 9-30 Role of Platelets in Arterial Thrombosis, 229 9-31 Inherited Thrombophilias, 230 9-32 Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome, 231 VENOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS 9-33 Meninges and Superficial Cerebral Veins, 232 9-34 Intracranial Venous Sinuses, 233 9-35 Diagnosis of Venous Sinus Thrombosis, 234 INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE 9-36 Pathogenesis and Types, 235 9-37 Clinical Manifestations of Intracranial Hemorrhage Related to Site, 236 9-38 Vascular Malformations, 237 SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE AND INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSMS 9-39 Distribution and Clinical Manifestations of Congenital Aneurysm Rupture, 238 9-40 Giant Congenital Aneurysms, 239 9-41 Ophthalmologic Manifestations of Cerebral Aneurysms, 240 9-42 Approach to Internal Carotid Aneurysms, 241 9-43 Interventional Radiologic Repair of Berry Aneurysms, 242 PEDIATRICS 9-44 Pediatric Cerebrovascular Disease, 243 REHABILITATION 9-45 Positioning in Bed and Passive Range-of-Motion Exercises After Stroke, 244 9-46 Aphasia Rehabilitation, 245 9-47 Other Rehabilitative Issues: Dysphagia/ Gait Training/Locked-in Syndrome, 246 SECTION 10-MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND OTHER CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS 10-1 Overview, 248 10-2 Clinical Manifestations, 249 10-3 Diagnosis, 250 10-4 Diagnosis: Spinal Cord MRI in Multiple Sclerosis, 251 10-5 Diagnosis: Visual Evoked Response and Spinal Fluid Analysis, 252 10-6 MS Pathophysiology, 253 10-7 MS Pathophysiology (Continued), 254 10-8 MS Relapses, 256 10-9 MS Relapses (Continued), 257 10-10 MS Relapses (Continued), 258 10-11 MS Relapses: Consequences, 259 10-12 Enigma of Progressive MS, 260 10-13 MS Pathology, 261 10-14 MS Treatment, 262 NEUROIMMUNOLOGIC SYNDROMES 10-15 Neuromyelitis Optica, Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis, and Acute Hemorrhagic Leukoencephalitis -Radiologic Findings, 264 10-16 Neuromyelitis Optica, Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis, and Acute Hemorrhagic Leukoencephalitis- Histopathologic Findings, 265 10-17 Other Neuroimmunologic Syndromes: an Overlap Between Primary and Paraneoplastic Processes, 266 10-18 Stiff-Man Syndrome, 267 10-19 Paraneoplastic Immune-Mediated Disorders, 268 10-20 Paraneoplastic Immune-Mediated Disorders (Continued), 269 10-21 Neuroimmunology: Paraneoplastic and Other Autoimmune Syndromes-Central Nervous System, 270 10-22 Neuroimmunology: Paraneoplastic and Other Autoimmune Syndromes- Peripheral Motor Sensory Unit, 271 SECTION 11-INFECTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 11-1 Bacterial Meningitis, 274 11-2 Bacterial Meningitis (Continued), 275 11-3 Brain Abscess, 276 11-4 Parameningeal Infections, 277 11-5 Infections in the Immunocompromised Host: Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy and Nocardiosis, 278 11-6 Infections in the Immunocompromised Host: Listeriosis and Toxoplasmosis, 279 11-7 Neurocysticercosis, 280 11-8 Spirochetal Infections: Neurosyphilis, 281 11-9 Spirochetal Infections: Lyme Disease, 282 11-10 Tuberculosis of Brain and Spine, 283 11-11 Tetanus, 284 11-12 Aseptic Meningitis, 285 11-13 Primary HIV Infection of the Nervous System, 286 11-14 HIV Life Cycle and Antiretroviral Medications, 287 11-15 Poliomyelitis, 288 11-16 Herpes Zoster, 289 11-17 Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis and Rabies, 290 11-18 Cerebral Malaria and African Trypanosomiasis, 291 11-19 Trichinosis (Trichinellosis), 292 11-20 Cryptococcal Meningitis, 293 11-21 Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, 294 11-22 Neurosarcoidosis, 295 SECTION 12-NEURO-ONCOLOGY 12-1 Clinical Presentations of Brain Tumors, 298 12-2 Gliomas, 299 12-3 Glioblastoma, 300 12-4 Pediatric Brain Tumors, 301 12-5 Pediatric Brain Tumors (Continued), 302 12-6 Metastatic Tumors to Brain, 303 12-7 Meningiomas, 304 12-8 Meningiomas (Continued), 305 12-9 Pituitary Tumors, 306 12-10 Clinically Nonfunctioning Pituitary Tumor, 307 12-11 Craniopharyngioma, 308 12-12 Tumors of Pineal Region, 309 12-13 Vestibular Schwannomas, 310 12-14 Removal of Vestibular Schwannoma, 311 12-15 Intraventricular Tumors, 312 12-16 Chordomas, 313 12-17 Differential Diagnosis of CNS Tumors, 314 12-18 Treatment Modalities, 315 SECTION 13-HEADACHE 13-1 Overview of Headaches, 318 13-2 Migraine Pathophysiology, 319 13-3 Migraine Presentation, 320 13-4 Migraine Aura, 321 13-5 Migraine Management, 322 13-6 Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalagias: Cluster Headache, 323 13-7 Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalagias: Paroxysmal Hemicrania (PH), 324 13-8 Tension-Type Headache and Other Benign Episodic and Chronic Headaches, 325 13-9 Pediatric Headache, 326 13-10 Cranial Neuralgias-Trigeminal Neuralgia, 327 13-11 Other Cranial Neuralgias, 328 13-12 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH), Pseudotumor Cerebri, 329 13-13 Intracranial Hypotension/ Low Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure Headache, 330 13-14 Giant Cell Arteritis, 331 13-15 Contiguous Structure Headaches, 332 13-16 Thunderclap Headache and Other Headaches Presenting in the Emergency Department, 333 13-17 Headaches Presenting in the Emergency Department (Continued), 334 13-18 Headaches Presenting in the Emergency Department (Continued), 335 13-19 Headaches Presenting in the Emergency Department (Continued), 336 SECTION 14-HEAD TRAUMA 14-1 Skull: Anterior View, 338 14-2 Skull: Lateral View, 339 14-3 Skull: Midsagittal Section, 340 14-4 Calvaria, 341 14-5 External Aspect of Skull Base, 342 14-6 Internal Aspects of Base of Skull: Bones, 343 14-7 Internal Aspects of Base of Skull: Orifices, 344 14-8 Skull Injuries, 345 14-9 Concussion, 346 14-10 Acute Epidural Hematoma, 347 14-11 Acute Subdural Hematoma, 348 14-12 CT Scans and MR Images of Intracranial Hematomas, 349 14-13 Vascular Injury, 350 14-14 Initial Assessment and Management of Head Injury, 351 14-15 Glasgow Coma Score, 352 14-16 Neurocritical Care and Management after Traumatic Brain Injury: Devices for Monitoring Intracranial Pressure, 353 14-17 Neurocritical Care and Management: Decompressive Craniectomy, 354
