Nanotechnology

Consequences for Human Health and the Environment

By: R E Hester (Editor), R M Harrison (Editor)

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Paperback | 16 June 2009

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Nanotechnology is a much talked about, and rapidly expanding area of science, which is sometimes little understood. It looks set to make a significant impact on human life and, with numerous commercial developments emerging, will become a major industry over the coming years. Nanotechnology can be broadly described as developing or exploiting products at nanometre dimensions (i.e. as having one dimension less than 100 nanometres). Such materials have a larger surface area to volume ratio than conventional materials which provides them with an increased level of reactivity, and consequently, toxicity per unit mass. This book sets the subject into context by first of all describing the current range of products containing nano-materials and then looking at the consequences for the environment and human health relating to the introduction of nanoparticles and nano-tubes. Nanotechnology: Consequences for Human Health and the Environment discusses some of the more controversial issues associated with the field including: nanoparticles in the environment, occupational exposure, toxicological properties, human health issues and safety. This authoritative and comprehensive book will be of interest to both scientists and technologists but also to regulators and government. This title is also available in hardback.

Industry Reviews

Are nano - particles safe?

Nanotechnology: Consequences for human health and the environment
R.E. Hester, R.M. Harrison (Eds.)
RSC Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2007, 34pp, (HB) ISBN 9780854042166

Reviewed by Dennis Rouvray

Nanotechnology is still a futuristic rather than a contemporary industry and may at present be said to be at an evolutionary stage rather than a revolutionary one. However, it is unlikely to be long before all of this changes dramatically. In fact the rapid advances expected to be made in this technology over the next decade has led one leading US economic forecaster to conclude that the worldwide manufacture and sale of nanotechnological products will total around $2.6 trillion by the year 2014.

With such a seductive prospect just around the corner, it seems opportune to ask whether there may be a downside to this anticipated development. One major problem belatedly receiving urgent attention is that nanoparticles pose a serious health risku

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Current and Future Applications of Nanotechnology
Introduction	p. 1
History	p. 1
Definitions	p. 1
Investment	p. 2
Technology	p. 2
Nanomaterials	p. 2
Manufacturing Processes	p. 3
Product Characteristics	p. 3
Types of Nanomaterials	p. 4
Carbon	p. 4
Inorganic Nanotubes	p. 6
Metals	p. 7
Metal Oxides	p. 7
Clays	p. 10
Quantum Dots	p. 11
Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy	p. 11
Dendrimeis	p. 12
Bio Applications	p. 12
Nanocatalysts	p. 12
Nanotechnology Reports	p. 13
Forbes/Wolfe Nanotech Reports	p. 13
Woodrow Wilson	p. 13
Future Opportunities	p. 14
Nanoroadmap	p. 14
SusChem	p. 14
Lux Research Market Forecast	p. 15
Nanomaterials Companies	p. 15
Future	p. 15
References	p. 16
Nanoparticles in the Aquatic and Terrestrial Environments
Introduction	p. 19
Overview of Current Knowledge	p. 20
Fate and Behaviour in Natural Aquatic Systems	p. 26
Natural and Engineered Nanoparticle Interactions	p. 27
Structural Determination and Analysis	p. 29
Interactions with Pollutants, Palhogens and Nutrients	p. 29
Effects on Pollutant and Pathogen Fate and Behaviour	p. 29
Issues to be Addressed	p. 30
Sources and Sinks of Nanoparticles	p. 30
Free and Fixed Engineered Nanoparticles	p. 31
Nanoparticle Interactions with Naturally Occurring Material	p. 31
Nanoparticles as Pollutants	p. 31
Transport of Nanoparticles	p. 31
Nanoparticles as Vectors of Pollution	p. 32
Conclusions	p. 32
References	p. 32
Nanoparticles in the Atmosphere
Introduction	p. 35
Sources of Atmospheric Nanoparticles	p. 35
Primary Emissions	p. 35
Secondary Particles	p. 36
Formation of Nanoparticles During Diesel Exhaust Dilution	p. 37
Particle Size Distributions	p. 39
Source Strength of Traffic Particles	p. 40
Emissions from Non-Traffic Sources	p. 41
Measurement of Nanoparticles in Roadside Air	p. 41
Transformation and Transport of Ultrafine Particles	p. 43
Measurements of Particle Number Concentration in the Atmosphere	p. 44
Chemical Composition of Atmospheric Nanoparticles	p. 45
Indoor/Outdoor Relationships of Nanoparticles	p. 46
Conclusions	p. 47
References	p. 48
Occupational Exposure to Nanoparticles and Nanotubes
Introduction	p. 50
Scientific Framework for Assessing Exposure to Nanoparticles	p. 51
Terminology and Definitions	p. 51
Routes of Exposure	p. 51
Metric lo be used for Assessing Exposure to Airborne Nanoparticles	p. 53
Review of Methods for Assessing Exposure to Nanoparticles	p. 55
General	p. 55
Mass Concentration	p. 56
Number Concentration	p. 61
Surface Area Concentrations	p. 62
Nanoparticle Size Distribution Measurement	p. 64
Particle Sampling Techniques for Characterisation	p. 68
Do Nanotubes Require Special Techniques?	p. 69
Sampling Strategy Issues	p. 70
Review of Reported Measurements of Exposure to Nanoparticles	p. 71
Introduction	p. 71
Measurements of Nanoparticle Exposures in Existing Industries	p. 72
Measurements of Nanoparticle Exposures in New Nanotechnology Processes	p. 75
Discussion 76 References	p. 78
Toxicological Properties of Nanoparticles and Nanotubes
Introduction	p. 81
Environmental Air Pollution Particles	p. 81
Effects of Environmental Particles	p. 81
Nanoparticles as the Drivers of Environment Particle Effects	p. 82
Could Cardiovascular Effects of PM be Due to CDNP?	p. 84
Is the Environmental Nanoparticle Paradigm Applicable to Engineered NPs?	p. 86
The Nature of Newer Manufactured Nanoparticles	p. 86
Carbon Black and TiO2	p. 86
Nanoparticles and the Brain	p. 87
New Engineered NPs and the Cardiovascular System	p. 87
Carbon Nanotubes	p. 87
Fullerenes	p. 89
Quantum Dots	p. 90
Other Nanoparticles	p. 90
Conclusion	p. 91
References	p. 92
Human Effects of Nanoparticle Exposure
The Regulatory Issues	p. 102
Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies per se	p. 102
Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies in Context of Dangerous Substances Generally	p. 103
Current Issues and Knowledge Gaps	p. 103
Toxicology of Nanoparticles	p. 104
NP Characterisation	p. 106
Epidemiology	p. 107
Human Challenge Studies	p. 110
Discussion: Risk Assessment of Engineered NPs	p. 111
References	p. 113
Nanoparticle Safety-A Perspective from the United States
Introduction	p. 118
The US National Nanotechnology Initiative	p. 119
Federal Government Activities in Support of ôSafeö Nanotechnology	p. 120
Industry and Other Non-government Activities in Support of ôSafeö Nanotechnology	p. 124
Looking to the Future-Ensuring the Development of ôSafeö Nanotechnology	p. 125
References	p. 129
Subject Index	p. 133
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Nanotechnology

Consequences for Human Health and the Environment

At a Glance

Paperback

Industry Reviews

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