Nanoscale Computing

About the Author xvii

Preface xxi

Acknowledgements xxiii

Acronyms xxv

Introduction xxvii

About the Companion Website xxxi

1 Introduction to Nanoscale Computing 1

1.1 Overview of Nanoscale Computing 2

1.2 Evolution Beyond CMOS 12

1.3 Edge AI Devices: A Driving Force 20

1.4 Architecture and Material Design 25

1.5 Scope of the Book 29

1.6 Conclusion 31

2 Limitations of CMOS Technology 33

2.1 Challenges in Traditional CMOS Technology 33

2.2 Implications for Computing Systems 50

2.3 Technological and Economic Challenges 59

2.4 Bridging to Nanoscale Computing 66

2.5 Educational Emphasis 70

3 Fundamentals of Nanomagnetic Logic 73

3.1 Introduction to Nanomagnetic Logic 74

3.2 Fundamentals of Coupling Mechanisms in Nanomagnetic Logic 92

3.3 Design and Operation of Nanomagnetic Logic Gates 104

3.4 Signal Processing in Nanomagnetic Logic 112

3.5 Energy Considerations and Efficiency 118

3.6 Educational Emphasis 127

4 Nanomagnetic Logic Architectures 137

4.1 Overview of Nanomagnetic Logic Architectures 148

4.2 Major Nanomagnetic Logic Architectures 154

4.3 Fundamentals of NML Architecture 169

4.4 Parallel and Pipelined Architectures 175

4.5 Reconfigurable Nanomagnetic Architectures 180

4.6 Conclusion 183

5 Material Design for Nanoscale Computing 187

5.1 Importance of Material Selection in Nanoscale Computing 188

5.2 Magnetic Materials for Nanomagnetic Logic 199

5.3 Nonmagnetic Materials in Nanoscale Computing 214

5.4 Multiferroic and Spintronic Materials 225

6 Nanoscale Computing at the Edge: AI Devices and Applications 239

6.1 Introduction to Edge Computing 240

6.2 Intersection of Nanoscale Computing and Edge AI 244

6.3 Applications of Edge AI in Nanoscale Computing 251

6.4 Edge AI in Robotics and Autonomous Systems 258

6.5 Conclusion 270

7 Hybrid Computing Systems and Emerging Applications 273

7.1 Introduction to Hybrid Computing 274

7.2 Nanomagnetic-CMOS Hybrid Architectures 278

7.3 Neuromorphic Hybrid Systems 296

7.4 Educational Emphasis 308

8 Challenges, Conclusions, Road-Map, and Future Perspectives 313

8.1 Challenges in Nanoscale Computing 314

8.2 Environmental Impact 335

8.3 Integration with Other Technologies 337

8.4 Nanoscale Computing Technologies Roadmap 352

8.5 Conclusions and Key Findings 359

8.6 Research Opportunities and Directions 361

References 370

Index 371