| List of Illustrations | |
| Acknowledgments | |
| Note on Transcription | |
| A Genealogy of Divergent Understandings | |
| Introduction | p. 3 |
| Religious Disputes in Takengen | p. 18 |
| On Modernists and Traditionalists | p. 21 |
| Social and Moral Contexts | p. 30 |
| Islamic Knowledge in the Highlands, 1900-1990 | p. 39 |
| Languages of Past Piety and Learning | p. 40 |
| The Development of Traditionalist Scholarship | p. 47 |
| Muhammadiyah: Social and Religious Innovation in the Highlands | p. 55 |
| Radical Reform through Islamic Education | p. 61 |
| Powerful Speech and Spirit Transactions | |
| Spells, Prayer, and the Power of Words | p. 77 |
| Distinctions among Doa | p. 82 |
| The Efficacy of Spells | p. 87 |
| Quranic Knowledge and Power | p. 94 |
| Acquiring Power and Expecting Results | p. 101 |
| The Source of Human Powers in History | p. 106 |
| The Creation of the World | p. 106 |
| The Human Embodiment of Creation | p. 115 |
| The Coming of Islam to Aceh | p. 124 |
| The Healer's Struggle | p. 129 |
| Healers and Knowledge | p. 131 |
| Finding the Jin | p. 135 |
| Restoring the Balance | p. 139 |
| Asking a Spirit to Depart | p. 145 |
| Exorcism and Accountability | p. 151 |
| Casting Out the Spirits | p. 152 |
| The Social Framework of Exorcism | p. 162 |
| Farming, Ancestors, and the Sacred Landscape | p. 173 |
| Speaking with the Ancestor | p. 174 |
| Protecting the Crops and the Community | p. 185 |
| Ancestors and Other Sacred Beings | p. 194 |
| Adam and Eve's Children | p. 202 |
| The Origins of Rice | p. 202 |
| Cain, Abel, and the Marriage of Twins | p. 209 |
| Hunting, Healing, and Spiritual Siblingship | p. 216 |
| Negotiating Public Rituals | |
| Transacting through Food: The Kenduri and Its Critics | p. 229 |
| Prayers, Food, and Sacrifice | p. 230 |
| Celebrating the Prophet Muhammad's Birthday | p. 237 |
| The Child's Entry into the World | p. 240 |
| Speaking for the Dead | p. 251 |
| Speaking to the Dead at the Grave | p. 252 |
| Negotiating the Passage of the Dead | p. 259 |
| Chanting for the Deceased | p. 262 |
| Sacrifice, Merit, and Self-Interest | p. 273 |
| Generating Merit in Isak | p. 273 |
| "Selfless Sacrifice" in Takengen | p. 279 |
| Worship and Public Life | p. 289 |
| Form and Feeling in Worship | p. 290 |
| Worshiping Together | p. 296 |
| Disputations | p. 300 |
| Mosque Politics | p. 309 |
| The Social Forms of Religious Change | p. 315 |
| Creating Private and Public Spheres | p. 315 |
| Two Modes of Cultural Rationalization | p. 321 |
| Public Discourse and the State | p. 325 |
| Glossary of Gayo and Arabic Terms | p. 331 |
| Bibliography | p. 335 |
| Index | p. 353 |
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