Multiple Exponence

Preface

Acknowledgments

Abbreviation and Conventions

1. Introduction 1.1. What is multiple exponence? 1.2. Why is multiple exponence of interest to linguists? 1.3. Why this book? 1.4. The approach taken here 1.5. How can we distinguish reanalyzed successive markers from ME? 1.6. Conclusion

2. Multiple Exponence in Linguistic Theory: A History of the Inquiry 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Multiple Exponence and the Elsewhere Condition 2.3. Multiple Exponence and the Split Morphology Hypothesis 2.4. Multiple Exponence in Distributed Morphology and Articulated Morphology 2.5. Multiple Functional heads 2.6. Multiple Exponence in Minimalist Morphology 2.7. Paradigm Function Morphology 2.8. Multiple Exponence in Word and Paradigm Morphology 2.9. Optimality Theory and Multiple Exponence 2.10. Breton Again 2.11. Summary

3. Frequently Found Types of Multiple Exponence 3.1. Description of the Database and Method 3.2. Exceptional vs. Systematic ME 3.3. General Characteristics of Four Frequent Types 3.4. Type 1: Dependent ME 3.5. Type 2: Alternating ME 3.6. Type 3: Supporting ME 3.7. Type 4: Subset/Overlapping ME 3.8. ME Involving a Non-Affixal Exponent 3.9. ME in Compounds 3.10. ME in Reduplication 3.11. Discussion 3.12. Summary

4. Psycholinguistic Approaches 4.1. Processing Multiple Exponence 4.2. Acquisition of Multiple Exponence 4.3. The Psychological Reality of Stem Alternation + Affix 4.4. Conclusion

5. Origins of Type 1 (Periodic) Multiple Exponence 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Grammaticalization of Auxiliaries and Determiners 5.3. Auxiliaries that Grammaticalize, Creating Type 1 ME 5.4. Grammaticalization of Demonstratives and Articles 5.5. The Role of Compounding in the Origin of ME 5.6. ME and the Nature of Grammaticalization: Trapped Morphemes 5.7. Additional Discussion and Conclusion: Correlations of Grammaticalization with Type 1 ME

6. Origins of Types 2-4: Alternating, Reinforcement, and Accidental Multiple Exponence 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Literature on the Origins of ME 6.3. "Externalization" of Inflection 6.4. Processes that Lead to Reinforcement, Type 3 ME: Extension and Borrowing 6.5. Origins of Type 4, Accidental ME 6.6. The Origins of ME Are Not Limited to These Pathways 6.7. Loss of ME 6.8. Conclusions

7. Analysis of Multiple Exponence 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Possible Analyses from a Theory-Neutral Point of View 7.3. ME and the Elsewhere Principle: The Problem of Selective Blocking 7.4. Morpheme-Based Morphology and ME 7.5. Inflection of Derived Words 7.6. Realizational Optimality Theory 7.7. Conclusion

8. Explanation 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Affix Adjacency and Affix Identity 8.3. Factors Contributing to Reinforcement of Previously Affixed Forms 8.4. ME and the Order of Affixes 8.5. Why is ME Rare? 8.6. Why Do Languages Not Uniformly Eliminate ME? Why is One Exponent Not Sufficient?

Appendix A

Appendix B

References