Preface.................................................................................................................... viii
Author Biography........................................................................................................x
Chapter 1 Introduction...........................................................................................1
1.1 Biometric Identification System.................................................1
1.1.1 Enrolment Module........................................................2
1.2 Current Status of Biometric Identification Systems...................3
1.3 Applications of Biometric Systems............................................5
References.............................................................................................5
Chapter 2 An Overview of Biometrics..................................................................6
2.1 Biometrics...................................................................................6
2.1.1 Advantages of Biometrics.............................................7
2.1.2 Disadvantages of Biometrics.........................................8
2.1.3 Types of Biometrics.......................................................8
2.2 Fingerprint..................................................................................8
2.2.1 Minutiae-based Technique............................................9
2.2.2 Correlation-based Technique........................................9
2.2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Fingerprint
Biometrics.....................................................................9
2.2.4 Applications of Fingerprinting.................................... 10
2.3 Iris Recognition........................................................................ 10
2.3.1 Advantages of Iris Technology.................................... 10
2.3.2 Disadvantages of Iris Technology............................... 10
2.3.3 Applications of Iris Recognition System..................... 11
2.3.4 Real-Life Applications................................................ 11
2.4 Retinal Pattern Biometrics....................................................... 11
2.4.1 Advantages of Retinal Recognition............................. 12
2.4.2 Disadvantages of Retinal Recognition........................ 12
2.5 Facial Recognition Biometrics................................................. 12
2.5.1 Challenges in Face Recognition.................................. 13
2.5.2 Advantages of Biometric Facial Recognition.............. 13
2.5.3 Disadvantages of Biometric Face Recognition........... 13
2.5.4 Applications................................................................. 13
2.6 Handwriting.............................................................................. 14
2.6.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Handwriting
Recognition................................................................. 14
2.7 Voice Biometric........................................................................ 14
2.7.1 Advantages.................................................................. 15
2.7.2 Disadvantages.............................................................. 15
2.8 Ear Recognition........................................................................ 15
2.8.1 Advantages.................................................................. 15
2.8.2 Disadvantages.............................................................. 15
2.9 Summary.................................................................................. 16
Chapter 3 Motivation behind Multimodal Biometric Systems............................ 17
3.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 17
3.1.1 Advantages of Multimodal Systems over
Unimodal Systems...................................................... 18
3.2 Multimodal Biometric Integration Architecture...................... 19
3.3 Multimodal Biometric Integration Scenarios........................... 19
3.4 Multimodal Biometric Fusion Levels....................................... 21
3.4.1 Pre-mapping Fusion.................................................... 21
3.4.2 Post-mapping Fusion...................................................25
References...........................................................................................28
Chapter 4 Performance Measurement Parameters for Biometric Systems.......... 31
4.1 Performance Measurement Parameters.................................... 31
4.2 Materials................................................................................... 33
4.2.1 Fingerprint Database...................................................34
4.2.2 Face Database..............................................................34
4.2.3 Hand Database............................................................ 35
4.3 Summary.................................................................................. 35
Reference............................................................................................. 35
Chapter 5 Unimodal Biometric Systems..............................................................36
5.1 Unimodal Biometric Identification System..............................36
5.1.1 DWT Feature Extraction System................................ 37
5.1.2 Gabor Feature Extraction System...............................38
5.1.3 Curvelet Transform.....................................................40
5.1.4 Contourlet Transform.................................................. 41
5.2 Fingerprint as a Biometric Modality........................................ 41
5.2.1 Techniques for Fingerprint Matching......................... 42
5.2.2 Minutiae-Based Feature Extraction System................ 42
5.2.3 Texture-Based Fingerprint Recognition System......... 45
5.3 Face as a Biometric Modality...................................................49
5.3.1 Texture-Based Face Recognition System....................49
5.4 Hand Geometry as a Biometric Modality................................ 51
5.4.1 Hand Geometry Recognition Using 12 Geometry
Features....................................................................... 55
5.4.2 Hand Geometry Recognition Using 21 Geometry
Features.......................................................................56
5.5 Palmprint as a Biometric Modality.......................................... 58
5.5.1 Contourlet Transform..................................................63
Contents vii
5.6 Euclidean Distance as a Classifier............................................ 67
5.7 Summary.................................................................................. 71
References........................................................................................... 71
Chapter 6 Multimodal Biometric Identification Systems Using
Sensor-Level Fusion............................................................................ 72
6.1 Multimodal Biometric Identification System........................... 72
6.2 Sensor-Level Fusion................................................................. 72
6.3 Basic Structure for Sensor-Level Fusion.................................. 73
6.4 Sensor-Level Fusion of Low-Frequency and High-
Frequency Features................................................................... 75
6.5 Sensor-Level Fusion of Low-Frequency Features.................... 78
6.6 Summary.................................................................................. 81
Chapter 7 Multimodal Biometric Identification Systems Using
Feature-Level Fusion...........................................................................82
7.1 Multimodal Biometric System.................................................82
7.2 Feature-Level Fusion Using Block Variance Features.............83
7.2.1 Feature-Level Fusion of 128 Feature Vector...............83
7.2.2 Feature-Level Fusion of 32 Feature Vector.................85
7.2.3 Concatenated Features................................................ 91
7.2.4 Sum Features...............................................................92
7.2.5 Maximum Features.....................................................92
7.2.6 Minimum Features......................................................92
7.3 Feature-Level Fusion Using Contourlet Transform Features...92
7.4 Normalisation Technique for Hand Geometry Features..........95
7.5 Linear Discriminate Analysis (LDA).......................................97
7.6 Summary................................................................................ 100
Chapter 8 Result and Discussion....................................................................... 101
8.1 Result and Discussion............................................................. 101
8.1.1 Databases Used......................................................... 101
8.1.2 Results of Performance Measurement
Parameters of the Biometric Systems....................... 101
8.1.3 Results of Performance Measurement
Parameters of Multimodal Recognition System....... 104
8.1.4 Score Distribution of Biometric System.................... 113
8.1.5 Analysis..................................................................... 120
8.2 Conclusions............................................................................. 122
8.3 Future Scope...........................................................................124
Index....................................................................................................................... 125
