| |
| Grammatical description: getting started | p. 1 |
| Grammar: syntax, morphology and semantics | p. 1 |
| The form and function distinction | p. 2 |
| Sentence functions introduced | p. 3 |
| Four form types | p. 4 |
| Word classes | p. 5 |
| Discontinuity | p. 7 |
| Basic sentence structures | p. 8 |
| More sentence functions and structures | p. 10 |
| Summary of sentence functions and structures | p. 11 |
| Sentence functions | p. 11 |
| The predicator | p. 11 |
| The subject | p. 15 |
| The direct object | p. 19 |
| The indirect object | p. 21 |
| The subject complement | p. 23 |
| The object complement | p. 25 |
| Adverbials | p. 26 |
| Predicates and predications | p. 29 |
| Complex forms | p. 30 |
| Groups | p. 30 |
| Types of subordination in groups | p. 32 |
| The preposition group | p. 34 |
| The compound unit | p. 36 |
| Types of coordination | p. 37 |
| Coordinating conjunctions | p. 39 |
| Clauses | p. 40 |
| The functions of subclauses | p. 41 |
| Markers of clausal subordination | p. 42 |
| Embedding and recursiveness | p. 43 |
| Clause types and utterance functions | p. 44 |
| Major types of clause | p. 44 |
| Communicative functions | p. 45 |
| The forms of communicative functions | p. 46 |
| Missing constituents, ellipsis and pro-forms | p. 48 |
| The zero convention | p. 48 |
| Types of ellipsis | p. 49 |
| Pro-forms | p. 51 |
| Vocatives, interjections and dislocation | p. 52 |
| |
| Constituent Order | p. 55 |
| Functions of constituent order | p. 56 |
| Inversion | p. 58 |
| Subject-operator inversion | p. 59 |
| Full inversion | p. 62 |
| Constituent order in subclauses | p. 64 |
| Position and order of adverbials | p. 65 |
| Initial position | p. 65 |
| Medial position | p. 66 |
| Terminal position | p. 67 |
| Positions in nonfinite clauses | p. 67 |
| Factors governing the distribution of adverbials | p. 68 |
| Relative position of adverbials | p. 71 |
| Situations and participants | p. 73 |
| Actionality: dynamic versus stative situations | p. 73 |
| Subtypes of dynamic situations | p. 74 |
| Subtypes of stative situations | p. 75 |
| General participant roles | p. 77 |
| Specific participant roles | p. 77 |
| A few points in connection with participant roles | p. 79 |
| Voice: active versus passive | p. 81 |
| Functions of the passive | p. 82 |
| Voice restrictions | p. 84 |
| Nonfinite passives | p. 85 |
| GET-passives | p. 85 |
| Notional 'passives' | p. 86 |
| Passives versus adjectival non-passives | p. 87 |
| Polarity | p. 88 |
| Standard negation and rules of contraction | p. 88 |
| Domain of negation: global versus local | p. 89 |
| Syntactic field of negation: clausal versus limited | p. 90 |
| Semantic scope of negation: complete versus incomplete | p. 92 |
| Overview | p. 94 |
| Polarity in non-declarative sentences | p. 95 |
| Subject-predicator concord | p. 96 |
| The basic rule | p. 96 |
| Singular or plural subject realization? | p. 97 |
| Notional concord | p. 100 |
| Attraction | p. 103 |
| The complex sentence | p. 103 |
| Definition and classifications | p. 103 |
| Additional points | p. 105 |
| Clausal complementation | p. 106 |
| Discontinuous subject clauses | p. 108 |
| The subject function in subclauses | p. 109 |
| Conditional clauses | p. 111 |
| Clausally realized disjuncts | p. 112 |
| Transferred negation | p. 114 |
| Cleft sentences | p. 115 |
| |
| Verbals | p. 117 |
| Introduction | p. 117 |
| Verb forms | p. 117 |
| Semi-auxiliaries | p. 118 |
| The external relations of verbals | p. 120 |
| The internal structure of verbals | p. 120 |
| Complex predicators | p. 122 |
| Phrasal verbs | p. 122 |
| Prepositional verbs | p. 123 |
| Phrasal-prepositional verbs | p. 124 |
| Other complex predicators | p. 125 |
| Tense and aspect | p. 125 |
| Introduction | p. 125 |
| Deictic forms: present and past | p. 127 |
| Future forms | p. 129 |
| Perfect forms | p. 130 |
| Future perfect forms | p. 132 |
| Progressive forms: introduction | p. 132 |
| Present and past progressive forms | p. 136 |
| Future progressive forms | p. 137 |
| Perfect and future perfect progressive forms | p. 138 |
| Tense-aspect in indirect speech | p. 138 |
| Tense-aspect in narration | p. 140 |
| Modal uses of past tense-aspect forms | p. 142 |
| Modal uses of WILL | p. 143 |
| Mood | p. 144 |
| The imperative | p. 145 |
| The subjunctive | p. 146 |
| Modality | p. 148 |
| Introduction | p. 148 |
| MAY/MIGHT | p. 149 |
| CAN/COULD | p. 151 |
| MUST | p. 153 |
| SHALL/SHOULD | p. 155 |
| Nominals | p. 157 |
| Introduction | p. 157 |
| The external relations of nominals | p. 157 |
| The internal structure of noun groups | p. 157 |
| The functional structure of nominals | p. 159 |
| Categorization | p. 162 |
| What's in a head? | p. 162 |
| Gender | p. 164 |
| Types of nouns and referents | p. 166 |
| Countability | p. 167 |
| Determination | p. 170 |
| Types of determiner | p. 170 |
| Co-occurring determiners: pre-and postdeterminers | p. 170 |
| Determiners and quantifiers | p. 172 |
| Referential orientation | p. 173 |
| The definite article | p. 175 |
| The indefinite article | p. 178 |
| Zero determination | p. 181 |
| The genitive | p. 185 |
| Quantification: the number category | p. 190 |
| The formal singular/plural distinction | p. 190 |
| What is pluralized? | p. 193 |
| The uses of the singular and the plural | p. 193 |
| Pronominals | p. 195 |
| Introduction | p. 195 |
| Classification of pronouns | p. 195 |
| The external relations of pronominals | p. 196 |
| The communicative function of pronominals | p. 197 |
| Central pronouns | p. 198 |
| Personal pronouns | p. 198 |
| Possessive pronouns | p. 203 |
| Reflexive pronouns | p. 205 |
| Pronouns without a person distinction | p. 208 |
| Demonstrative pronouns | p. 208 |
| Interrogative pronouns | p. 212 |
| Relative pronouns | p. 215 |
| Indefinite pronouns | p. 221 |
| Adjectivals and adverbals | p. 229 |
| Preliminary discussion of adjectivals | p. 229 |
| Adjectives and adjective groups | p. 229 |
| Semantics | p. 230 |
| Morphology | p. 231 |
| The external relations of adjectivals | p. 232 |
| Parataxis and hypotaxis | p. 234 |
| Descriptive, classifying and specifying adjectives | p. 235 |
| Positional restrictions | p. 236 |
| Adjectival modification and positional ordering | p. 238 |
| Modificational zones | p. 238 |
| Structure in and across Mod. zones | p. 240 |
| Zone-internal order | p. 241 |
| Comparison of adjectives | p. 244 |
| The basic system of comparison | p. 244 |
| Irregular comparison | p. 245 |
| The choice between morphological and syntactic comparison | p. 246 |
| The use of compared forms | p. 248 |
| The substantival use of adjectives | p. 250 |
| What is meant by 'substantival use'? | p. 250 |
| Generic and specific reference | p. 251 |
| Adverbals | p. 252 |
| Preliminaries | p. 252 |
| The external relations of adverbals | p. 254 |
| Morphology | p. 254 |
| VERY versus MUCH | p. 256 |
| Comparison | p. 257 |
| Tips on pronunciation and spelling | p. 259 |
| Verbs | p. 259 |
| Nouns | p. 260 |
| The regular singular/plural distinction | p. 260 |
| Irregular plurals | p. 261 |
| Adjectives: comparison | p. 263 |
| Adverbs | p. 264 |
| Select bibliography | p. 265 |
| Glossary | p. 267 |
| Subject index | p. 299 |
| World index | p. 319 |
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