Morphology

Author's Note xi

Note to Instructors xii

List of Abbreviations xiii

Part 1 Understanding Morphology 1

1 Defining Morphology 3

0. Preliminaries 3

1. Wordhood 4

2. Doing Morphology 6

3. Theories of Morphology 11

4. Conclusions 13

5. Organization of This book 13

Concepts, Ideas, Rules, and Principles Introduced in This Chapter 13

Further Reading 15

General Problem Sets 16

Challenge Problem Sets 19

2 Types of Morphemes 20

0. Preliminaries 20

1. General Types of Morphemes 21

2. Morphological Universals 26

3. Category 27

4. Glossing Conventions 32

5. The Morphological Process 34

6. Conclusions 37

Concepts, Ideas, Rules and Principles Introduced in This Chapter 38

Further Reading 39

General Problem Sets 40

Challenge Problem Sets 43

3 Basic Morphology Analysis 44

0. Preliminaries 44

1. Sources of Data 45

2. Approaching the Data 46

3. Basic Morphological Analysis 50

4. Conclusions 56

Concepts, Ideas, Rules, and Principles Introduced in This Chapter 56

Further Reading 57

General Problem Sets 57

Challenge Problem Sets 59

4 Morphophonology 60

0. Preliminaries 60

1. Defining Phonology 60

2. Basic Concepts in Phonology 61

3. Defining Morphophonology 74

4. Conclusions 78

Concepts, Ideas, Rules, and Principles Introduced in This Chapter 79

Further Reading 80

General Problem Sets 81

Challenge Problem Sets 83

5 Advanced Morphological Analysis 85

0. Preliminaries 85

1 Syllable Structure 86

2 Markedness 91

3 Dissimilation 93

4 Pivots: Reduplication and Infixation 95

5 Conclusions 98

Concepts, Ideas, Rules and Principles Introduced in This Chapter 99

General Problem Sets 100

Further Reading 99

Challenge Problem Sets 105

Part 2 Building a Framework 107

6 Features 109

0. Preliminaries 109

1. Features and the Subset Principle 110

2. Impoverishment 118

3. Defining and Constraining Features 120

4. Doing Featural Analysis 126

5. Conclusions 132

Concepts, Ideas, Rules, and Principles Introduced in This Chapter 133

Further Reading 135

General Problem Sets 135

Challenge Problem Sets 137

Contents ix

7 Morphology and Syntax 143

0. Preliminaries 143

1. Syntax 144

2. A Generative Lexicon and the Mirror Principle 146

3. Morphology as Syntax 147

4. Syntactic Operations 156

5. Post-Syntactic

Morphological Operations 159

6. Conclusions 169

Concepts, Ideas, Rules and Principles Introduced in This Chapter 169

Further Reading 171

General Problem Sets 171

Challenge Problem Sets 173

8 Lexical Semantics 176

0. Preliminaries 176

1. Lexical Semantics and Structure 176

2. Argument Structure 183

3. Conclusions 185

Concepts, Ideas, Rules and Principles Introduced in This Chapter 186

Further Reading 186

General Problem Sets 187

Challenge Problem Sets 187

9 Root and Pattern Morphology 190

0 Preliminaries 190

1 A Tiered Approach 192

2 Root and Pattern in the Syntax 194

3 Conclusions 197

Concepts, Ideas, Rules, and Principles Introduced in This Chapter 198

Further Reading 198

General Problem Sets 198

Challenge Problem Sets 200

10 Incorporation and Compounding 201

0. Preliminaries 201

1. Incorporation 202

2. Compounding 204

3. Conclusions 207

Concepts, Ideas, Rules and Principles Introduced in This Chapter 207

Further Reading 207

General Problem Sets 208

Challenge Problem Sets 210

11 Non-compositionality 211

0. Preliminaries 211

1. Defining Non-Compositionality 212

2. Deriving Non-Compositionality 214

3. Expanding the Model 216

4. Conclusions 220

Concepts, Ideas, Rules, and Principles Introduced in This Chapter 220

Further Reading 220

General Problem Sets 221

Challenge Problem Sets 223

12 Concluding Remarks 224

0. Distributed Morphology and Linguistic Theory 224

Final Model of Distributed Morphology 227

Problems and Discussion 228

Further Reading 230

IPA Quick Guide 240

Language Glossary 242

Glossary 266

References 277

Index 287