| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Introductory Remarks | p. 1 |
| Classification of Models | p. 2 |
| Physical Modeling | p. 2 |
| Mathematical Modeling | p. 3 |
| General Strategy for Modeling Two-Phase Phenomena | p. 3 |
| Basic Physical Situations of Relevance in Gas-Liquid Processes | p. 4 |
| Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flows in Cylindrical Bath | p. 4 |
| Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flows in Pipes | p. 10 |
| Dimensionless Parameters | p. 13 |
| Closing Remarks | p. 15 |
| References | p. 15 |
| Turbulence Structure of Two-Phase Jets | p. 19 |
| Mean Flow Characteristics | p. 19 |
| Introduction | p. 19 |
| Experiment | p. 20 |
| Experimental Results | p. 23 |
| Conditional Sampling | p. 33 |
| Introductory Remarks | p. 33 |
| Experimental Apparatus and Procedure | p. 34 |
| Shape and Size of Helium Bubble | p. 34 |
| Four-Quadrant Classification Method | p. 35 |
| Experimental Results Based on Four-Quadrant Classification Method | p. 36 |
| Summary | p. 40 |
| Mean Flow Characteristics | p. 40 |
| Conditional Sampling | p. 41 |
| References | p. 42 |
| The Coanda Effect | p. 45 |
| General Features | p. 45 |
| Overview | p. 45 |
| Mechanism of Coanda Effect | p. 46 |
| Wall Interaction in Metallurgical Reactor | p. 47 |
| Bubble Characteristics | p. 47 |
| Liquid Flow Characteristics | p. 60 |
| Interaction Between Two Bubbling Jets | p. 69 |
| Critical Condition for Merging of Two Bubbling Jets | p. 69 |
| Merging Length of Two Bubbling Jets | p. 73 |
| Bubble Characteristics | p. 77 |
| Liquid Flow Characteristics | p. 85 |
| Mixing Time | p. 90 |
| References | p. 91 |
| Interfacial Phenomena | p. 95 |
| Single Bubble on Flat Plate | p. 95 |
| Overview | p. 95 |
| Experimental Apparatus and Procedure | p. 96 |
| Experimental Results | p. 98 |
| Summary | p. 106 |
| Bubbling Jet Along Vertical Flat Plate | p. 107 |
| Bubble Characteristics | p. 107 |
| Liquid Flow Characteristics | p. 123 |
| Bubble Shape and Size | p. 132 |
| Experimental Apparatus and Procedure | p. 135 |
| Experimental Results | p. 137 |
| Bubble Removal from Molten Metal | p. 146 |
| Experimental Apparatus and Procedure | p. 146 |
| Experimental Results | p. 148 |
| Flow Distribution in Vertical Pipes | p. 157 |
| Experimental Apparatus and Procedure | p. 158 |
| Experimental Results | p. 159 |
| Bubble Velocity and Size | p. 164 |
| References | p. 172 |
| Swirling Flow and Mixing | p. 177 |
| Rotary Sloshing of Liquid in Cylindrical Vessel | p. 177 |
| Linear Theory | p. 177 |
| Nonlinear Theory | p. 178 |
| Summary | p. 179 |
| Swirl Motion of Bubbling Jet | p. 181 |
| General Features | p. 181 |
| Operation Under Reduced Surface Pressure | p. 193 |
| Mixing Time | p. 202 |
| Effect of Top Slag | p. 210 |
| Effect of Offset Gas Injection | p. 217 |
| Effect of Dual Jet Sources | p. 218 |
| References | p. 220 |
| Slag-Metal Interaction | p. 223 |
| Shape and Size of Entrained Metal Layer | p. 223 |
| Experiment | p. 224 |
| Experimental Results | p. 228 |
| Characteristics of Metal Droplets | p. 240 |
| Experiment | p. 241 |
| Experimental Results | p. 242 |
| Summary | p. 253 |
| Shape and Size of Entrained Metal Layer | p. 253 |
| Characteristics of Metal Droplets | p. 254 |
| References | p. 254 |
| Surface Flow Control | p. 257 |
| Overview | p. 257 |
| Experiment | p. 258 |
| Experimental Apparatus and Procedure | p. 258 |
| Boundary Conditions on Bath Surface | p. 259 |
| Data Processing | p. 259 |
| Experimental Results | p. 260 |
| Mixing Time | p. 260 |
| Fluid Flow Phenomena | p. 261 |
| Conclusions | p. 268 |
| References | p. 270 |
| Two-Phase Flow in Continuous Casting | p. 271 |
| Flow Characteristics | p. 271 |
| Overview | p. 271 |
| Experiment | p. 272 |
| Experimental Results | p. 275 |
| Summary | p. 285 |
| Mold Powder Entrapment | p. 286 |
| Overview | p. 286 |
| Experimental Apparatus and Procedure | p. 288 |
| Some Aspects of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability | p. 290 |
| Experimental Results | p. 292 |
| Summary | p. 300 |
| References | p. 300 |
| Modeling Gas-Liquid Flow in Metallurgical Operations | p. 303 |
| Overview | p. 303 |
| Review of Modeling Methods | p. 303 |
| Mathematical Models | p. 308 |
| Quasi-Single-Fluid (Momentum Balance) Models | p. 309 |
| Two-Fluid Model | p. 319 |
| Mathematical Models Based on Energy Balance | p. 327 |
| Boundary Conditions | p. 329 |
| Numerical Solution | p. 331 |
| References | p. 332 |
| Numerical Modeling of Multiphase Flows in Materials Processing | p. 337 |
| Overview | p. 337 |
| Control Volume-Based Finite Difference Method | p. 338 |
| Continuum Mixture Model | p. 338 |
| Two-Fluid Models | p. 345 |
| The Finite Element Method | p. 350 |
| Multi-domain (Two-Region) Methods | p. 358 |
| Boundary Conditions | p. 363 |
| Boundary Conditions in Multiphase Models | p. 366 |
| Boundary Conditions for Multi-region Method | p. 367 |
| References | p. 368 |
| Review of Nanoscale and Microscale Phenomena in Materials Processing | p. 375 |
| Introduction | p. 375 |
| Fundamentals | p. 375 |
| Applications | p. 376 |
| Definitions and Generation Method of Nanoscale and Microscale | p. 376 |
| Bubbles | p. 376 |
| Generation Method | p. 377 |
| Removal of Gas from Gas-Liquid Mixture | p. 378 |
| Flow Pattern of Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow in Microchannels | p. 379 |
| Flow Characteristics in Microchannels | p. 382 |
| Heat Transfer in Microchannels | p. 382 |
| Numerical Simulation of Transport Phenomena | p. 383 |
| Mixing in Microchannels and Microreactors | p. 383 |
| Measurement Method | p. 383 |
| Enhancement of Gas Dissolution Rate | p. 383 |
| Microfluidic Devices | p. 384 |
| Fuel Cell | p. 384 |
| Closing Remarks | p. 384 |
| References | p. 384 |
| p. 389 |
| p. 393 |
| Index | p. 411 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
