
Methods for Assessing Children's Syntax
By: Cecile McKee (Editor), Helen Smith Cairns (Editor), Dana McDaniel (Editor)
Paperback | 1 September 1998
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412 Pages
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The study of child language and, in particular, child syntax is a growing area of linguistic research, yet methodological issues often take a back seat to the findings and conclusions of specific studies in the field. This book is designed in part as a handbook to assist students and researchers in the choice and use of methods for investigating children's grammar. For example, a method (or combination of methods) can be chosen based on what is measured and who the target subject is. In addition to the selection of methods, there are also pointers for designing and conducting experimental studies and for evaluating research.Methods for Assessing Children's Syntax combines the best features of approaches developed in experimental psychology and linguistics that ground the study of language within the study of human cognition. The first three parts focus on specific methods, divided according to the type of data collected: production, comprehension, and judgment. Chapters in the fourth part take up general methodological considerations that arise regardless of which method is used. All of the methods described can be modified to meet the requirements of a specific study.Contributors : Helen Smith Cairns. Katherine Demuth. Jill de Villiers. Suzanne Flynn. Claire Foley. LouAnn Gerken. Roberta Michnick Golinkoff. Helen Goodluck. Peter Gordon. Kathy Hirsh-Pasek. Jennifer Ryan Hsu. Louis Michael Hsu. Celia Jakubowicz. Laurence B. Leonard. Barbara Lust. Dana McDaniel. Cecile McKee. Thomas Roeper. Michele E. Shady. Karin Stromswold. Rosalind Thornton.Language, Speech, and Communication series
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| Contributors | |
| Preface | |
| Production Data | |
| Collecting Spontaneous Production Data | |
| Introduction | |
| Syntactic Phenomena Investigated | |
| Pro-Drop and Parameter Setting | |
| Functional Categories and Syntactic Structure | |
| Passives, Causatives, and Grammatical Relations | |
| Morphological Paradigms and Learning | |
| Spontaneous Production Data Collection Procedures | |
| Number of Children to Include in a Study | |
| Age Range of the Children and Longitudinal Scope of a Study | |
| Selecting Children for a Study | |
| Frequency and Duration of Recording Sessions | |
| The Recording Situation | |
| Recording Equipment | |
| Transcribing and Tagging Spontaneous Production Data | |
| Getting Ready to Transcribe | |
| The Transcription Process | |
| Tagging (Coding) the Corpus | |
| Disadvantages of Collecting and Using Spontaneous Production Data | |
| Advantages of Collecting and Using Spontaneous Production Data | |
| Conclusion | |
| Note Analyzing Children's Spontaneous Speech | |
| General Issues in Spontaneous Speech Studies | |
| Introduction | |
| Inherent Advantages and Limitations of Spontaneous Speech Studies | |
| Stating the Acquisitional Predictions Entailed by a Theory | |
| Setting Criteria to Be Used in a Study | |
| Testing the Statistical Significance of Acquisitional Findings | |
| Ruling Out Plausible Alternative Accounts | |
| Error Analyses | |
| Errors of Omission and Errors of Commition | |
| Predicted and Observed Errors | |
| When Is an Error Worth Explaining? The Denominator Problem | |
| Statistical Analyses of Error Data | |
| Ruling Out Plausible Alternative Accounts | |
| Patterns of Acquisition | |
| Measures of Acquisition | |
| Testing Acquisitional Ordering and Clustering Predictions | |
| Ruling Out Plausible Alternative Accounts | |
| Summary | |
| Notes What Children Know about What They Say: Elicited Imitation as a Research Method for Assess... | |
| Introduction | |
| Linguistics as a Science | |
| Imitation | |
| Rationale for Elicited Imitation as a Research Method for the Assessment of Syntactic Knowledg... | |
| General Rationale | |
| The Nature of Elicited Imitation Data: Grammatical Factors | |
| History of the Method | |
| Anecdotal Origins | |
| Experimental Development of Elicited Imitation | |
| Overview of the Experimental Method | |
| Aspects of Syntax That Have Been Investigated with Elicited Imitation | |
| Constituent Structure and Phrase Structure | |
| Linear Order | |
| Anaphora | |
| Interaction of Phrase Structure and Anaphora | |
| Strengths of Elicited Imitation | |
| Converging Evidence | |
| Disambiguating Comprehension Data | |
| Linguistic Precision and Control | |
| Statistical Analyses and Scientific Control | |
| Power and Validity | |
| Applicability | |
| Calibration with Other Methods | |
| Advantages of Elicited Imitation | |
| Natural Speech Analyses | |
| Elicited Production | |
| Disadvantages of Elicited Imitation | |
| Complexity of Design Refinement | |
| Analysis of Converging Evidence across Tasks | |
| Relation Between Elicited Imitation Behavior and Competence | |
| Criticisms of Elicited Imitation | |
| Description of the Elicited Imitation Procedure | |
| Description of the Task | |
| Analysis | |
| Instructions for Applying Elicited Imitation as an Experimental Method | |
| Training Subjects | |
| Pitfalls to Avoid in Design | |
| Pitfalls to Avoid in Administration | |
| Pitfalls to Avoid in Transcription | |
| Pitfalls to Avoid in Scoring | |
| Conclusions and Discussion | |
| Notes Elicited Production | |
| Properties of Elicited Production | |
| The Elicited Production Task | |
| Experimental Preliminaries | |
| Felicity Conditions | |
| A Constraint | |
| Wanna Contraction | |
| The Experimental Design | |
| Data Analysis | |
| Limitations of Elicited Production as a Tool for Investigating Constraints | |
| Long-Distance Questions | |
| Experimental Technique | |
| Potential Ask/Tell Problems | |
| Findings | |
| Conclusion | |
| Notes | |
| Comprehension Data | |
| The Intermodal Preferential Looking Paradigm: A Window onto Emerging Language Comprehensio... | |
| Reasons for Studying Language Comprehension | |
| The Intermodal Preferential Looking Paradigm: Rationale and Description | |
| Rationale | |
| Description | |
| Construction of the Video Events | |
| Trials and Intertrial Intervals | |
| Linguistic Stimuli | |
| Independent, Dependent, and Counterbalanced Variables | |
| Additional Experimental Controls | |
| Apparatus and Lighting | |
| Subject Solicitation | |
| Procedure | |
| Subject Loss | |
| Studies Using the Intermodal Preferential Looking Paradigm | |
| Advantages and Disadvantages of the Intermodal Preferential Looking Paradigm | |
| Summary | |
| Note The Picture Selection Task | |
| Uses of the Picture Selection Task | |
| Assessing Children's Semantic Interpretation of Morphosyntactie Contrasts | |
| Assessing the Effects of Morphosyntactic Grammaticality on Children's Sentence Comprehension | |
| Evaluation of the Picture Selection Task | |
| General Considerations When Using the Picture Selection Task | |
| Comparisons of the Two Versions of the Picture Selection Task | |
| Comparison of Picture Selection with Other Comprehension Tasks | |
| Comparison of Picture Selection with Judgment Tasks | |
| Comparison of Picture Selection with Production Tasks | |
| Notes The Act-Out Task | |
| Introduction: The Procedure and Its Uses | |
| Advantages and Disadvantages of the Act-Out Task | |
| Six Advantages | |
| Six Disadvantages | |
| Summary | |
| Parameters of Design | |
| Syntax, Semantics, and Discourse | |
| Act-Out versus Other Tasks | |
| Conclusion | |
| Notes Questions after Stories: On Supplying Context and Eliminating It as a Variable | |
| Introduction | |
| Putting It into Practice: History of the Procedure | |
| Assumptions and Controls | |
| Constructing an Experiment | |
| An Example | |
| More General Procedures | |
| When Is the Method Most Useful? | |
| Pitfalls | |
| Conclusion | |
| Notes On-Line Methods | |
| Introduction | |
| Overview | |
| Neuroimaging | |
| Reaction-Time Measures | |
| Monitoring Tasks | |
| Probe Latency Tasks | |
| Priming Tasks | |
| A Recipe for the Cross-Modal Priming Task | |
| A Subject's Tasks | |
| Experimental Design | |
| Materials | |
| Procedures | |
| Analyses | |
| Hardware and Software | |
| Conclusion | |
| Notes | |
| Judgment Data | |
| The Truth-Value Judgment Task | |
| The Nature and History of the Truth-Value Judgment Task | |
| Design Issues | |
| The Role of Context and Plausible Denial | |
| Choosing a Truth-Value Judgment Task | |
| Construction of the Truth-Value Judgment Task | |
| Training | |
| Context/Preamble | |
| Problems and Pitfalls | |
| Design Issues and Data Analysis | |
| Appropriate Uses for the Truth-Value Judgment Task | |
| Note Eliciting Judgments of Grammaticality and Reference | |
| Background | |
| Procedure | |
| Training and Practice Session | |
| Pretest | |
| Eliciting Judgments of Grammaticality | |
| Eliciting Judgments of Reference | |
| Materials | |
| Subjects | |
| General Considerations | |
| Scoring | |
| Advantages and Disadvantages | |
| Disadvantages | |
| Advantages | |
| Conclusion | |
| Note | |
| General Issues | |
| Crosslinguistic Investigation | |
| Introduction | |
| A Historical Outline | |
| The Theory of Principles and Parameters | |
| Paradigms for Crosslinguistic Studies | |
| Research across Two Languages That Do Not Differ with Respect to the Property Being Investiga... | |
| Research across Two Languages That Differ with Respect to the Property Being Investigated | |
| Requirements | |
| Linguistic Materials | |
| Test Sentences | |
| Filler Sentences | |
| Pretest Sentences | |
| The Experimental List | |
| The Experimental Task | |
| Procedure | |
| Subjects | |
| Scoring and Analysis of Data | |
| Final Thoughts | |
| Notes Assessing Morphosyntax in Clinical Settings | |
| Introduction | |
| Some Characteristics of Children with Language Disorders | |
| Heterogeneity within Clinical Subgroups | |
| Processing Limitations | |
| Gaps between World Knowledge and Language Ability | |
| Inactive and Passive Conversationalists | |
| Examining the Morphosyntax of Children with Language Disorders | |
| Tasks Used in Assessing Morphosyntax in Children with Language Disorders | |
| Comparisons with Normally Developing Children | |
| Interpreting Differences between Normally Developing Children and Children with Language Disord... | |
| The Crosslinguistic Study of Children with Language Disorders | |
| Summary Issues in Designing Research and Evaluating Data Pertaining to Children's Syntactic Knowl... | |
| Introduction | |
| Research Designs: Objectives, Terminology, Classification, and Data Analysis | |
| Between-Subjects Designs | |
| Using Response Patterns to Define Independent Variables in Between-Subjects Designs | |
| Limitations of Designs with Nonmanipulable Independent Variables | |
| Data Analysis Issues | |
| Descriptive versus Inferential Data Analysis Methods | |
| Testing Contrasts and Controlling Type I Error Rates | |
| Parametric versus Nonparametric Analysis-of-Variance Models for a Design with One Between-S...Chi-Square Test of Independence Binomial Test | |
| Methods of Increasing the Statistical Power of Tests of Significance | |
| Within-Subjects Designs: Repeated Measure Designs | |
| Nominal versus Metric Independent Variables Category 1.Category 2 | |
| Some Data Analysis Issues in Repeated Measures Designs | |
| Multifactor Designs | |
| Terminology | |
| Interactions | |
| Estimation and Testing of Interaction Effects | |
| Ordinal and Disordinal Interactions | |
| Higher-Order Interactions | |
| Interaction Effects in Mixed Designs: Possible Research Questions and Design Issues | |
| Reliability, Validity of Causal Inferences, and Generalizability | |
| Reliability Issues | |
| Internal and External Validity Issues | |
| Internal Validity | |
| External Validity | |
| Conclusions | |
| Note | |
| References | |
| Index | |
| Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved. |
ISBN: 9780262631907
ISBN-10: 0262631903
Series: Language, Speech & Communication
Published: 1st September 1998
Format: Paperback
Language: English
Number of Pages: 412
Audience: Professional and Scholarly
For Ages: 18+ years old
Publisher: AMITY PUB CO
Country of Publication: GB
Edition Type: New edition
Dimensions (cm): 23.5 x 14.61 x 2.54
Weight (kg): 0.45
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This product is categorised by
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