Methods and Instrumentations

1 Systematics of the Methods of Investigation of Minerals: Logic of Development.- 2 Diffraction Methods and Crystal Structure Analysis.- 2.1 Crystal Structure Analysis and X-Ray Diffraction Instrumentation.- 2.2 X-Ray Diffraction Techniques for the Characterization of Minerals.- 2.3 Neutron Scattering, Neutron Diffraction: Hydrogen Location, Cation Distribution, Magnetic Structures.- 2.4 Electron Diffraction Analysis.- 3 Solid State Spectroscopy.- 3.1 Nuclear Gamma Resonance (Mossbauer) Spectroscopy.- 3.1.1 Summary of Theory and Important Results.- 3.1.2 Experimental Techniques and Spectrum Fitting.- 3.1.3 Iron-Containing Minerals, Ores and Glasses.- 3.1.4 Mossbauer Spectroscopy of Sn, Sb, Eu, Au.- 3.2 X-Ray and Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Minerals.- 3.2.1 Parameters in Different Types of X-Ray Spectra.- 3.2.2 Mineralogical and Geochemical Information from X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy.- 3.3 Optical Absorption Spectroscopy.- 3.4 Luminescence of Minerals.- 3.4.1 Interpretation of Luminescence Spectra in Terms of Band Theory and Crystal Field Theory. Sensitization and Quenching. Photoluminescence, Radioluminescence, and Cathodoluminescence.- 3.4.2 Selective Laser Excitation of Rare-Earth Luminescence Spectra.- 3.4.3 Origins of Luminescence in Minerals: A Summary of Fundamental Studies and Applications.- 3.5 Thermoluminescence and Exoelectron Spectroscopy of Minerals.- 3.5.1 Mechanisms and Parameters; Factors Governing Thermoluminescence.- 3.5.2 Thermoluminescence Applications.- 3.5.3 Exoelectron Spectroscopy of Minerals.- 3.6 Infrared Spectroscopy.- 3.6.1 Band Assignments in Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy.- 3.6.2 Polarized Infrared Spectra.- 3.6.3 AppHcations of Infrared Spectroscopy to Structure and Bonding in Minerals and Glasses and to Speciation of Hydrous Components.- 3.7 Raman Spectroscopy in Earth Sciences.- 3.8 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR).- 3.8.1 Principles, Technique, Applications in Mineralogy.- 3.8.2 Electron Nuclear Double and Multiple Resonance.- 3.8.3 EPR: Improvement of Experimental Technique.- 3.9 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy.- 3.10 Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR).- 3.11 Muon Resonance. Application to the Study of the Hydrogen Atom Position in Quartz.- 4 Remote Sensing Methods: Visible, Infrared, and Microwave.- 5 Microprobe Analysis.- 5.1 Electron Probe Microanalysis.- 5.2 Trace Element Microanalysis by Proton-Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE): The Proton Microprobe.- 5.3 Nuclear Microprobe and Microscopic Analysis.- 6 Electron, Acoustic, and Tunneling Microscopy of Minerals.- 6.1 Electron Microscopy of Minerals.- 6.1.1 Fundamentals of TEM and HRTEM.- 6.1.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy and Image Formation.- 6.1.3 Apphcations of Transmission Electron Microscopy.- 6.1.4 Applications of Scanning Electron Microscopy.- 6.2 High Resolution Acoustic Microscopy.- 6.3 Scanning Tunneling and Atomic Force Microscopy.- 7 Recent Developments in Analytical Methods in Mineralogy.- 7.1 General Overview of the Methods of Analysis of Minerals, Rocks, Ores, and Materials.- 7.2 Classical and Rapid Methods.- 7.3 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry.- 7.4 Inductively Coupled Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectroscopy.- 7.5 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis.- 7.6 Neutron Activation Analysis.- 7.7 Nuclear Techniques for Uranium and Thorium Analysis.- 7.8 Mass Spectrometry.- 7.9 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry.- 7.10 Ion Exchange Techniques.- 8 Isotopie Mineralogy.- 8.1 Radioactive Isotopes in Mineralogy and Geochemistry.- 8.2 Isotopie Systems in Geochronology.- 8.2.1 The K-Ar Isotope System in Geochronology.- 8.2.2 40Ar/39Ar and its Laser Variant.- 8.2.3 The Rb-Sr Method of Isotopie Dating.- 8.2.4 The Sm-Nd Method of Isotope Dating.- 8.2.5 The U-Pb System and Zircon as Mineral Geochronometer.- 8.3 Noble Gas Isotopes in Planetary and Earth Minerals.- 8.4 Radiogenic Isotopes as Indicators of Sources of Mineral Matter.- 8.4.1 Pb Isotopy; The Lead Sources.- 8.5 Light Stable Isotope Ratios as Indicators for Conditions of Mineral Formation.- 8.5.1 Theoretical Aspects of Isotopic Fractionation.- 8.5.2 Natural Variations in Stable Isotopes.- 8.5.3 Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotopes in Mineralogy.- 8.5.4 Carbon Isotopes in Mineralogy and Geochemistry.- 8.5.5 Sulfur Isotopes in Mineralogy.- 8.5.6 Nitrogen Isotopes in Mineralogy.- 8.6.1 Geochemical Significance of Isotopic Ratios.- 8.6.2 Geochemical Significance of 143Nd/144Nd Isotopic Ratios.- 9 Computer Databases in Mineralogy.