| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Global Energy Sources | p. 1 |
| Fossil Fuel Sources | p. 3 |
| The History of Petroleum | p. 4 |
| Petroleum Refining | p. 6 |
| Petroleum Products and Fuels | p. 9 |
| Coal | p. 13 |
| Chemicals and Fuels from Coal | p. 15 |
| Natural Gas | p. 17 |
| Gas Hydrates | p. 17 |
| Oil Shale | p. 18 |
| Tar Sands | p. 19 |
| Natural Bitumen and Extra-heavy Oil | p. 20 |
| Renewable Energy Sources | p. 21 |
| Biomass | p. 22 |
| Hydropower | p. 43 |
| Geothermal Energy | p. 46 |
| Wind Energy | p. 47 |
| Solar Energy | p. 48 |
| Other Renewable Energy Sources | p. 50 |
| Municipal Solid Waste and Landfill Gas | p. 50 |
| Nuclear Fuel Sources | p. 52 |
| Summary | p. 53 |
| References | p. 54 |
| Natural Gas | p. 57 |
| Introduction | p. 57 |
| Definition and History | p. 59 |
| Origin of Natural Gas | p. 60 |
| Natural Gas Resources | p. 61 |
| Natural Gas Production, Consumption, and Distribution | p. 62 |
| Compressed Natural Gas | p. 65 |
| Liquefied Natural Gas | p. 66 |
| Contribution of Natural Gas to Global Warning | p. 67 |
| Use of Natural Gas | p. 68 |
| Industrial Uses | p. 69 |
| Residential Use | p. 70 |
| Electricity Generation using Natural Gas | p. 71 |
| Commercial Use | p. 72 |
| Natural Gas in the Transportation Sector | p. 72 |
| Importance of Natural Gas | p. 73 |
| Environmental Impacts | p. 73 |
| Summary | p. 75 |
| References | p. 76 |
| Gas Hydrates | p. 77 |
| Introduction | p. 77 |
| Definition | p. 79 |
| History | p. 80 |
| Gas Hydrate Origin and Formation | p. 81 |
| Clathrates and Crystalline Clathrate Solids | p. 85 |
| Storage of Hydrogen in Clathrates | p. 86 |
| Chemical Structures | p. 87 |
| Chemical Structure of the Water Molecule | p. 87 |
| Chemical Structure of the Methane Molecule | p. 89 |
| Crystalline Structure of Water Ice | p. 90 |
| Crystalline Structure of Gas Hydrate | p. 91 |
| Crystal Types of Gas Hydrates | p. 92 |
| Clathrate Structure I | p. 94 |
| Clathrate Structure II | p. 95 |
| Clathrate Structure H | p. 96 |
| Methane Gas Fuel | p. 98 |
| Combustion of Methane | p. 100 |
| Main Reactions of Methane | p. 103 |
| Summary | p. 107 |
| References | p. 108 |
| Methane Gas Hydrate: as a Natural Gas Source | p. 113 |
| Introduction | p. 113 |
| Importance of Methane Hydrates | p. 114 |
| Global Climate Change | p. 116 |
| Air Pollution | p. 116 |
| Greenhouse Effect | p. 121 |
| Global Warming | p. 122 |
| Arguments Against Global Warming | p. 125 |
| Kyoto Protocol | p. 125 |
| Carbon Credits | p. 126 |
| Carbon Sequestration | p. 127 |
| Effects of Methane Hydrates on Climate Change | p. 128 |
| World's Methane Hydrate Resources | p. 132 |
| Gas Hydrates on the North Slope, Alaska | p. 136 |
| Gas Hydrates in the Gulf of Mexico | p. 136 |
| Gas Hydrates in Russia's West Siberian Basin | p. 137 |
| Gas Hydrates in Canada | p. 137 |
| Projects Related to Methane Hydrates in Japan, India, China, Malaysia, and Korea | p. 138 |
| A Case Study: Methane Hydrates in the Black Sea | p. 139 |
| Properties of Methane Hydrates | p. 141 |
| Methane Hydrate Stability | p. 143 |
| Facilities for Recovery of Methane from Methane Hydrate | p. 147 |
| Disposal of Impurities from Methane | p. 148 |
| Gas Hydrate Research and Development | p. 148 |
| Properties of Seawater | p. 150 |
| Summary | p. 154 |
| References | p. 155 |
| Processes for Methane Production from Gas Hydrates | p. 161 |
| Introduction | p. 161 |
| Depressurization Process | p. 163 |
| Thermal Stimulation Process | p. 165 |
| Chemical Inhibitor Injection Process | p. 166 |
| Gas Hydrate Reservoirs | p. 169 |
| Arctic Hydrates | p. 169 |
| Marine Hydrates | p. 170 |
| Seafloor Drilling of the Hydrate Zone for Exploration and Production of Methane | p. 171 |
| Possible Transportation Routes | p. 174 |
| Economic and Political Issues | p. 176 |
| Summary | p. 177 |
| References | p. 178 |
| Index | p. 183 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
