| Preface | p. ix |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Motivation for the Book | p. 1 |
| What Are MEMS? | p. 2 |
| Mechanical Transducers | p. 3 |
| Why Silicon? | p. 4 |
| For Whom Is This Book Intended? | p. 5 |
| References | p. 5 |
| Materials and Fabrication Techniques | p. 7 |
| Introduction | p. 7 |
| Materials | p. 7 |
| Substrates | p. 7 |
| Additive Materials | p. 11 |
| Fabrication Techniques | p. 11 |
| Deposition | p. 12 |
| Lithography | p. 17 |
| Etching | p. 21 |
| Surface Micromachining | p. 28 |
| Wafer Bonding | p. 29 |
| Thick-Film Screen Printing | p. 32 |
| Electroplating | p. 33 |
| LIGA | p. 34 |
| Porous Silicon | p. 35 |
| Electrochemical Etch Stop | p. 35 |
| Focused Ion Beam Etching and Deposition | p. 36 |
| References | p. 36 |
| MEMS Simulation and Design Tools | p. 39 |
| Introduction | p. 39 |
| Simulation and Design Tools | p. 40 |
| Behavioral Modeling Simulation Tools | p. 40 |
| Finite Element Simulation Tools | p. 43 |
| References | p. 56 |
| Mechanical Sensor Packaging | p. 57 |
| Introduction | p. 57 |
| Standard IC Packages | p. 58 |
| Ceramic Packages | p. 58 |
| Plastic Packages | p. 59 |
| Metal Packages | p. 59 |
| Packaging Processes | p. 59 |
| Electrical Interconnects | p. 60 |
| Methods of Die Attachment | p. 63 |
| Sealing Techniques | p. 65 |
| MEMS Mechanical Sensor Packaging | p. 66 |
| Protection of the Sensor from Environmental Effects | p. 67 |
| Protecting the Environment from the Sensor | p. 71 |
| Mechanical Isolation of Sensor Chips | p. 71 |
| Conclusions | p. 80 |
| References | p. 81 |
| Mechanical Transduction Techniques | p. 85 |
| Piezoresistivity | p. 85 |
| Piezoelectricity | p. 89 |
| Capacitive Techniques | p. 92 |
| Optical Techniques | p. 94 |
| Intensity | p. 94 |
| Phase | p. 95 |
| Wavelength | p. 96 |
| Spatial Position | p. 96 |
| Frequency | p. 96 |
| Polarization | p. 97 |
| Resonant Techniques | p. 97 |
| Vibration Excitation and Detection Mechanisms | p. 98 |
| Resonator Design Characteristics | p. 99 |
| Actuation Techniques | p. 104 |
| Electrostatic | p. 104 |
| Piezoelectric | p. 107 |
| Thermal | p. 107 |
| Magnetic | p. 109 |
| Smart Sensors | p. 109 |
| References | p. 112 |
| Pressure Sensors | p. 113 |
| Introduction | p. 113 |
| Physics of Pressure Sensing | p. 114 |
| Pressure Sensor Specifications | p. 117 |
| Dynamic Pressure Sensing | p. 120 |
| Pressure Sensor Types | p. 121 |
| Traditional Pressure Sensors | p. 121 |
| Manometer | p. 121 |
| Aneroid Barometers | p. 122 |
| Bourdon Tube | p. 122 |
| Vacuum Sensors | p. 123 |
| Diaphragm-Based Pressure Sensors | p. 123 |
| Analysis of Small Deflection Diaphragm | p. 125 |
| Medium Deflection Diaphragm Analysis | p. 127 |
| Membrane Analysis | p. 127 |
| Bossed Diaphragm Analysis | p. 128 |
| Corrugated Diaphragms | p. 129 |
| Traditional Diaphragm Transduction Mechanisms | p. 129 |
| MEMS Technology Pressure Sensors | p. 130 |
| Micromachined Silicon Diaphragms | p. 130 |
| Piezoresistive Pressure Sensors | p. 132 |
| Capacitive Pressure Sensors | p. 137 |
| Resonant Pressure Sensors | p. 139 |
| Other MEMS Pressure Sensing Techniques | p. 142 |
| Microphones | p. 143 |
| Conclusions | p. 145 |
| References | p. 145 |
| Force and Torque Sensors | p. 153 |
| Introduction | p. 153 |
| Silicon-Based Devices | p. 154 |
| Resonant and SAW Devices | p. 157 |
| Optical Devices | p. 159 |
| Capacitive Devices | p. 160 |
| Magnetic Devices | p. 162 |
| Atomic Force Microscope and Scanning Probes | p. 164 |
| Tactile Sensors | p. 166 |
| Future Devices | p. 168 |
| References | p. 168 |
| Inertial Sensors | p. 173 |
| Introduction | p. 173 |
| Micromachined Accelerometer | p. 175 |
| Principle of Operation | p. 175 |
| Research Prototype Micromachined Accelerometers | p. 180 |
| Commercial Micromachined Accelerometer | p. 192 |
| Micromachined Gyroscopes | p. 195 |
| Principle of Operation | p. 195 |
| Research Prototypes | p. 199 |
| Commercial Micromachined Gyroscopes | p. 204 |
| Future Inertial Micromachined Sensors | p. 206 |
| References | p. 207 |
| Flow Sensors | p. 213 |
| Introduction to Microfluidics and Applications for Micro Flow Sensors | p. 214 |
| Thermal Flow Sensors | p. 217 |
| Research Devices | p. 219 |
| Commercial Devices | p. 225 |
| Pressure Difference Flow Sensors | p. 229 |
| Force Transfer Flow Sensors | p. 232 |
| Drag Force | p. 232 |
| Lift Force | p. 235 |
| Coriolis Force | p. 236 |
| Static Turbine Flow Meter | p. 238 |
| Nonthermal Time of Flight Flow Sensors | p. 239 |
| Electrohydrodynamic | p. 239 |
| Electrochemical | p. 240 |
| Flow Sensor Based on the Faraday Principle | p. 241 |
| Flow Sensor Based on the Periodic Flapping Motion | p. 242 |
| Flow Imaging | p. 243 |
| Optical Flow Measurement | p. 245 |
| Fluid Velocity Measurement | p. 245 |
| Particle Detection and Counting | p. 246 |
| Multiphase Flow Detection | p. 246 |
| Turbulent Flow Studies | p. 247 |
| Conclusion | p. 248 |
| References | p. 250 |
| About the Authors | p. 257 |
| Index | p. 259 |
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