| Dedication | p. v |
| Contributors | p. xv |
| Preface | p. xix |
| Correlations | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Scientific Laws and Correlations | p. 3 |
| Principles | p. 3 |
| Theories | p. 3 |
| Laws | p. 4 |
| Properties | p. 6 |
| Effects | p. 6 |
| Equations | p. 7 |
| Dimensionless Numbers | p. 10 |
| Criteria | p. 11 |
| Approximations, Factor, Curves | p. 11 |
| Correlations | p. 13 |
| Important Properties in Membrane Science | p. 14 |
| Examples of Correlations in the Membrane Separation Field | p. 16 |
| Summary | p. 22 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 22 |
| References | p. 22 |
| Review of Silica Membranes for Hydrogen Separation Prepared by Chemical Vapor Deposition | p. 25 |
| Introduction | p. 25 |
| Silica Membranes for Hydrogen Separation | p. 25 |
| Chemical Vapor Deposition: Principles | p. 27 |
| Synthesis of Silica Membranes via Chemical Vapor Deposition | p. 29 |
| Silica Membranes Supported on Vycor Glass | p. 37 |
| Silica Membranes Supported on Alumina | p. 48 |
| Conclusions | p. 56 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 56 |
| References | p. 56 |
| Amorphous Silica Membranes for H2 Separation Prepared by Chemical Vapor Deposition on Hollow Fiber Supports | p. 61 |
| Introduction | p. 61 |
| Experimental | p. 65 |
| Results and Discussion | p. 66 |
| Pure Hollow Fiber Support Properties | p. 67 |
| Mesoporous Silica Layer | p. 69 |
| Amorphous -Alumina Layer | p. 72 |
| Silica Precursor and Carrier Gas Flow Rate Effects on the Membrane Separation Performance | p. 73 |
| Gas Separation Mechanism | p. 74 |
| Conclusions | p. 75 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 76 |
| References | p. 76 |
| Ab Initio Studies of Silica-Based Membranes: Activation Energy of Permeation | p. 79 |
| Introduction | p. 79 |
| Previous Theoretical Studies on Dense Silica-based Membranes | p. 80 |
| Method of Calculation | p. 81 |
| Results and Discussion | p. 82 |
| Conclusions | p. 89 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 89 |
| References | p. 89 |
| Review of C02/CH4 Separation Membranes | p. 91 |
| Introduction | p. 91 |
| Discussion | p. 93 |
| Zeolite Membranes and Carbon Molecular Sieves | p. 93 |
| Silica Membranes | p. 97 |
| Polymeric Membranes | p. 98 |
| Mixed-matrix Membranes | p. 102 |
| Supported ionic Liquid and Polyionic Membranes | p. 103 |
| Overall Results | p. 107 |
| Conclusions | p. 109 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 110 |
| References | p. 110 |
| Gas Permeation Properties of Helium, Hydrogen, and Polar Molecules Through Microporous Silica Membranes at High Temperatures: Correlation with Silica Network Structure | p. 117 |
| Introduction | p. 117 |
| Experimental | p. 119 |
| Fabrication of Silica and Co-Doped Silica Membranes by Sol-Gel Method | p. 119 |
| Gas Permeation/Separation Measurements for Silica Membranes | p. 120 |
| Results and Discussion | p. 120 |
| Improved Hydrothermal Stability of Amorphous Silica Membranes | p. 120 |
| Helium and Hydrogen Permeation Properties Through Amorphous Silica Membranes | p. 125 |
| Permeation Properties of Polar Molecules (NH3, H20) Through Amorphous Silica Membranes | p. 127 |
| Conclusions | p. 133 |
| References | p. 134 |
| Correlation Between Pyrolysis Atmosphere and Carbon Molecular Sieve Membrane Performance Properties | p. 137 |
| Introduction | p. 137 |
| Theory and Background | p. 138 |
| Transport in CMS Membranes | p. 138 |
| Structure of CMS Membranes | p. 139 |
| Effect of Pyrolysis Atmosphere on Separation Performance of CMS Membranes | p. 140 |
| Experimental | p. 142 |
| Materials | p. 142 |
| Characterization Methods | p. 145 |
| Results and Discussion | p. 146 |
| Correlation Between Oxygen Exposure and CMS Separation Performance | p. 146 |
| Correlation Between Oxygen Concentration and CMS Separation Performance | p. 161 |
| Possible Mechanism of Oxygen "Doping" Process During Pyrolysis | p. 169 |
| Conclusion | p. 170 |
| Acknowledgements | p. 171 |
| References | p. 171 |
| Review on Prospects for Energy Saving in Distillation Process with Microporous Membranes | p. 175 |
| Introduction | p. 175 |
| Potential of Membrane Separation Technology for Large-Scale Reduction in Energy Consumption | p. 176 |
| Why Zeolite Membranes are Promising | p. 179 |
| Synthesis Technique of Zeolite Membranes | p. 181 |
| Seeding Technique (Secondary Growth Method) | p. 181 |
| Masking Technique | p. 182 |
| Use of SDA for Microstructural Optimization | p. 183 |
| De-Watering Technology Using Zeolite Membranes | p. 184 |
| De-watering of Alcohol | p. 184 |
| De-watering of Organic Acids | p. 186 |
| De-watering for C, Chemistry | p. 187 |
| Concluding remarks | p. 188 |
| References | p. 189 |
| Xylene Separation Performance of Composition-Gradient MFI Zeolite Membranes | p. 195 |
| Introduction | p. 195 |
| Experimental | p. 198 |
| Bilayer Membrane Synthesis and Characterization | p. 198 |
| Pervaporation Experiments | p. 200 |
| Results and Discussion | p. 201 |
| Membrane Characteristics | p. 201 |
| Binary Pervaporation Through Single and Bilayer Membranes | p. 202 |
| Reversal of Bilayer Structure | p. 207 |
| Stability at Higher PX Feed Concentrations | p. 209 |
| Conclusions | p. 210 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 211 |
| References | p. 211 |
| Membrane Extraction for Biofuel Production | p. 213 |
| Introduction | p. 213 |
| Removal of Acetic Acid from Biomass Hydrolysates | p. 215 |
| Extraction of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural | p. 217 |
| Glycerol Extraction | p. 218 |
| Material and Methods | p. 218 |
| Removal of Acetic Acid from Biomass Hydrolysates | p. 219 |
| HMF Extraction | p. 221 |
| Glycerol Extraction | p. 221 |
| Results | p. 221 |
| Conclusions | p. 230 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 231 |
| References | p. 231 |
| A Review of Mixed Ionic and Electronic Conducting Ceramic Membranes as Oxygen Sources for High-Temperature Reactors | p. 235 |
| Introduction | p. 235 |
| General Attributes of Oxygen-Conducting MIEC Ceramic Materials | p. 236 |
| Oxygen Nonstoichiometry | p. 236 |
| Self-Adjusting Phase Equilibria | p. 237 |
| Chemical Expansivity | p. 238 |
| Microstructure of Oxygen-MIEC Ceramics | p. 239 |
| Common Oxygen-MIEC Membrane Materials | p. 240 |
| Fluorites | p. 240 |
| Perovskites | p. 241 |
| SCF-Based Materials | p. 243 |
| Dual-Phase Composite Materials | p. 248 |
| Membrane Modifications to Improve Oxygen Flux | p. 249 |
| Surface Modifications | p. 252 |
| Membrane Thickness Reduction | p. 253 |
| MIEC Membranes for Synthesis Gas Production | p. 255 |
| Synthesis Gas Production Overview | p. 255 |
| Benefits of MIEC Membranes for Synthesis Gas Production | p. 257 |
| Overview of Work to Date | p. 258 |
| Effect of Reaction Temperature on Membrane Performance | p. 260 |
| Effect of Reaction Environment on Membrane Oxygen Flux | p. 261 |
| Conclusions | p. 263 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 264 |
| References | p. 264 |
| Critical Factors Affecting Oxygen Permeation Through Dual-phase Membranes | p. 275 |
| Introduction | p. 275 |
| Design of Dual-Phase Membranes with High Stability and Permeability | p. 278 |
| Experimental Investigation of Dual-Phase Membranes | p. 280 |
| Pure Electronic Conductor or Mixed Conductor? | p. 280 |
| Surface Exchange | p. 281 |
| Preparation Methods for Powders | p. 282 |
| Sintering Temperature | p. 286 |
| Ratio Between the Two Phases | p. 288 |
| Other Factors | p. 289 |
| Conclusions | p. 290 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 290 |
| References | p. 291 |
| High Temperature Gas Separations Using High Performance Polymers | p. 295 |
| Introduction | p. 295 |
| Experimental | p. 297 |
| Instrumentation | p. 297 |
| Permeability Gas Testing | p. 297 |
| Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy | p. 298 |
| Results and Discussion | p. 298 |
| Conclusions | p. 306 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 306 |
| References | p. 306 |
| Using First-principles Models to Advance Development of Metal Membranes for High Temperature Hydrogen Purification | p. 309 |
| Introduction | p. 309 |
| DFT-based Modeling of Crystalline Metal Membranes | p. 311 |
| Cluster Expansion Methods | p. 313 |
| Applications of DFT Calculations to Crystalline Membrane Materials | p. 314 |
| Amorphous Metal Membranes | p. 316 |
| Computational Approaches for Amorphous Metals | p. 317 |
| Amorphous Structures | p. 317 |
| Binding Energy of Interstitial H in Amorphous Alloys | p. 318 |
| H-H Interactions | p. 319 |
| H Solubility in Amorphous Alloys | p. 320 |
| Hydrogen Diffusion in Amorphous Alloys | p. 322 |
| Corrected Diffusivities | p. 323 |
| The Thermodynamic Correction Factor | p. 324 |
| Hydrogen Permeability Through Amorphous Alloys | p. 326 |
| Conclusion | p. 327 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 328 |
| References | p. 328 |
| High Performance Ultrafiltration Membranes: Pore Geometry and Charge Effects | p. 333 |
| Introduction | p. 333 |
| Pore Geometry Effects | p. 335 |
| Fluid Flow | p. 335 |
| Solute Transport | p. 336 |
| Pore Size Distribution Effects | p. 339 |
| Electrostatic Interactions | p. 341 |
| Fluid Flow | p. 341 |
| Solute Transport | p. 344 |
| Concentration Polarization Effects | p. 347 |
| Conclusions | p. 350 |
| Acknowledgment | p. 351 |
| References | p. 351 |
| Subject Index | p. 353 |
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