| Background | |
| Introduction to Time-based Measurement, Control, and Communication | p. 3 |
| Temporal Specifications in Systems Based on Modern Computer Technology | p. 4 |
| The State of the Art in Implementing Real-time Systems | p. 4 |
| IEEE 1588 | p. 7 |
| The Evolution of Clocks and Clock Synchronization | p. 9 |
| The Influence of Time and Its Measurement on Our Lives | p. 9 |
| The Measurement of Time and Time Intervals | p. 10 |
| Clocks Through the Ages | p. 10 |
| Characterization of Oscillators | p. 12 |
| Properties of Modern Oscillators | p. 19 |
| Time Scales and Calendars | p. 25 |
| Synchronization Protocols | p. 29 |
| Early Synchronization and Distribution Protocols | p. 30 |
| IRIG-B | p. 30 |
| Loran-C | p. 31 |
| NTP | p. 31 |
| GPS | p. 32 |
| IEEE 1588 | p. 32 |
| An Overview of Clock Synchronization Using IEEE 1588 | p. 35 |
| The History of the Development and the Objectives of IEEE 1588 | p. 36 |
| Overview of the Standard | p. 38 |
| Fundamental Operation of the Protocol | p. 39 |
| System Boundaries and Communications | p. 40 |
| Master-slave Synchronization Hierarchy | p. 42 |
| Startup and Reconfiguration | p. 47 |
| Synchronization Overview | p. 50 |
| System Management Overview | p. 58 |
| IEEE 1588 | |
| A Detailed Analysis of IEEE 1588 | p. 61 |
| System Boundaries and Communications | p. 62 |
| Master-slave Synchronization Hierarchy | p. 64 |
| States in the Master-slave Hierarchy | p. 64 |
| The PTP State Machine | p. 66 |
| The State Decision Algorithm and Data Set Updates | p. 73 |
| Data Set Comparison Algorithm | p. 84 |
| Clock Characterization | p. 103 |
| Startup and Reconfiguration | p. 110 |
| Powerup and Initialization | p. 111 |
| Changes in Clock Characteristics or Default Data Sets | p. 112 |
| Changes in the Underlying Network Topology | p. 113 |
| Fault Management | p. 113 |
| Synchronization | p. 114 |
| The One and Two Message Synchronization Models | p. 115 |
| Message Timestamp Point and Internal Latency | p. 120 |
| Slave Clock Synchronization | p. 121 |
| Burst Mode Operation | p. 123 |
| External Timing Signals | p. 124 |
| System Management | p. 124 |
| Clock and Topology Discovery | p. 125 |
| Clock Initialization | p. 125 |
| Data Set Configuration and Visibility | p. 126 |
| Management Message Communications | p. 126 |
| Application Support | p. 128 |
| Performance Monitoring Features | p. 128 |
| Time Scale Support Features | p. 128 |
| Likely Extensions to IEEE 1588 | p. 129 |
| Practical Issues in Implementing IEEE 1588 | p. 133 |
| Clock and Boundary Clock Design | p. 133 |
| The Hardware Clock, Oscillator, and Clock Adjustment Blocks | p. 134 |
| The Packet Recognition, Identification, and Timestamp Capture Blocks | p. 139 |
| Boundary Clock Design | p. 143 |
| IEEE 1588 Code | p. 145 |
| Clock Servo Design | p. 146 |
| Model of the Slave Servo | p. 146 |
| Determining the Stability of the Slave Servo | p. 150 |
| Summary of Servo Design Issues | p. 164 |
| Oscillator Selection and Environmental Issues | p. 164 |
| IEEE 1588 in Non-UDP/IP Ethernet Systems | p. 168 |
| DeviceNet | p. 168 |
| Wireless Networks | p. 168 |
| Non-UDP/IP Ethernet | p. 169 |
| Synchronizing to UTC Sources | p. 170 |
| Applying IEEE 1588 | |
| System Architecture Based on Synchronized Clocks | p. 177 |
| Partitioning in IEEE 1588 Systems | p. 177 |
| Application Partitioning | p. 178 |
| Execution Partitioning | p. 180 |
| The Boundary Between Soft and Hard Real-time Execution | p. 184 |
| Module Design Supporting Time-based Partitioning | p. 188 |
| Network Design for IEEE 1588 Systems | p. 191 |
| Case Studies in Industrial Automation and Power | p. 193 |
| The Monitoring and Control of Large Turbines | p. 194 |
| Power System Monitoring and Control | p. 200 |
| Boundary Clocks for Industrial Applications | p. 204 |
| Robotics | p. 206 |
| Motion Control and General Plant Automation | p. 213 |
| Case Studies in Instrumentation Systems | p. 217 |
| The LXI Specification | p. 220 |
| LXI Device Synchronization and LAN-based Triggering | p. 220 |
| Module-to-module Data Communication | p. 222 |
| LXI Module Design and System Programming Practices | p. 222 |
| LXI System Debugging | p. 233 |
| Data Acquisition Applications Using LXI | p. 234 |
| General Applications Using LXI | p. 237 |
| Characteristics of Future LXI-based Test Systems | p. 237 |
| Integration of LXI-based Test Equipment with VXI and PXI Equipment | p. 238 |
| Examples of Future LXI-based Test Systems | p. 239 |
| Case Studies in Communications | p. 243 |
| Background on the Application of IEEE 1588 in Telecommunications Systems | p. 243 |
| Proposed Telecommunications Applications Using IEEE 1588 | p. 245 |
| Wireless Networks | p. 246 |
| Linking SONET Rings via Ethernet | p. 248 |
| Timing in Cable TV Infrastructure | p. 249 |
| Timing Distribution in Central Offices | p. 250 |
| Circuit Emulation | p. 251 |
| Internal Timing in Telecommunications Equipment | p. 252 |
| Proposed Techniques to Enable IEEE 1588 in Telecommunications | p. 252 |
| Asymmetry | p. 252 |
| Latency Fluctuations | p. 253 |
| IEEE 1588 Timing Redundancy | p. 254 |
| Early Measurements of IEEE 1588 Operating on Metropolitan Networks | p. 255 |
| The Future of IEEE 1588 and Time-based Applications | p. 261 |
| Specific Concerns and Likely Outcomes | p. 261 |
| What Will the Future Bring? | p. 263 |
| Final Thoughts | p. 263 |
| Appendices | |
| Field Definitions for IEEE 1588 Messages | p. 267 |
| Message Fields Common to All PTP Messages | p. 267 |
| Sync and Delay_Req Message Fields | p. 268 |
| Follow_Up Message Fields | p. 268 |
| Delay_Resp Message Fields | p. 269 |
| Management Message Fields | p. 269 |
| IEEE 1588 Data Sets | p. 271 |
| Default Data Set | p. 271 |
| Current Data Set | p. 271 |
| Parent Data Set | p. 271 |
| Global Time Properties Data Set | p. 272 |
| Port Configuration Properties Data Set | p. 272 |
| Foreign Master Data Set | p. 274 |
| References | p. 275 |
| Index | p. 281 |
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