Materials Research and Engineering

I Role of Materials in the World Economy.- 1 Materials and Man's Needs.- 2 Definition of Involved Materials.- 3 Setting the Stage.- 3.1 The Total Materials Cycle.- 3.2 The Problem Triangle.- 3.3 The Limits to Growth Syndrome.- 3.4 Resulting Trends in OECD Countries.- 3.5 Materials Consumption and Economic Growth.- 3.6 Shift of Basic Materials Industries to Developing Countries.- 3.7 Concluding Remarks.- II Present Structure and Future Trends in Key Materials Industries.- 1 Introduction.- 1.1 Overview of 5 Major Metals and Their Reserves.- 1.2 Profiles of 12 Important Metals.- 1.3 Africa as a Regional Raw Material Source.- 1.4 Disruption in Mineral Supplies.- 2 Iron and Steel.- 2.1 Consumption and Perspectives.- 2.2 Geographical Distribution.- 2.3 Production of Iron and Steel.- Raw Materials.- 2.4 Beneficiation and Transport of Iron Ores.- 2.5 Utilization of Ores for the Production of Iron.- Direct Reduction Process.- Iron Ore Outlook.- 2.6 Iron and Steel Processing.- 2.6.1 Investment and Production Costs.- 2.6.2 Energy.- 2.6.3 Environment and Pollution Control.- 2.6.4 Recycling.- 2.7 Description of Steelmaking Processes and Finishing Operations.- 2.7.1 Definition of Different Types of Steel.- 2.7.2 Conventional Steelmaking Processes.- 2.7.3 Special Steels.- 2.7.4 Finishing Operations.- 2.8 Perspectives for New or Improved Technologies.- 3 Aluminium.- 3.1 Geographical Distribution.- 3.2 Aluminium's Important Application Sectors.- 3.3 Mineral Availability.- 3.4 Primary Aluminium Production.- 3.4.1 Ecology.- 3.4.2 Energy.- 3.5 Secondary Aluminium Production - Recycling and Scrap.- 3.6 Description of Aluminium Processing.- 3.6.1 Alumina Extraction.- 3.6.2 Aluminium Electrolysis.- 3.6.3 Aluminium Fabrication.- 3.7 Perspectives for Improved and New Reduction Technologies.- 3.8 Industry Outlook.- 4 Copper.- 4.1 Geographical Distribution.- 4.2 The Main Fields of Application.- 4.3 Mineral Availability.- 4.3.1 Reserves and Resources.- 4.3.2 Perspectives.- 4.4 Extractive Metallurgy.- 4.4.1 State of Art.- 4.4.2 Investment and Production Costs.- 4.4.3 Outlook.- 4.5 Semifinishing.- 4.6 Recycling and Scrap.- 4.7 North-South Dialogue.- 4.8 Summary.- 4.8.1 Supply Pattern and Price.- 4.8.2 Present and Future Problems.- 4.8.3 Industry Outlook.- 5 Cement and Concrete.- 5.1 Components of Concrete.- 5.2 Energy and Environmental Aspects.- 5.3 Today's Cement-concrete.- 5.4 Possibilities and Restrictions of Growth.- 5.4.1 Economic and Technical Developments.- 5.4.2 Practical Restrictions.- 5.5 Outlook.- 5.5.1 Construction Methods and Equipment.- 5.5.2 Binders.- 5.5.3 Aggregates.- 5.5.4 Reinforcements.- 5.5.5 Conclusion.- 6 Plastics.- 6.1 General Survey.- 6.2 Consumption and Perspectives: Overview.- 6.3 Geographical Distribution.- 6.4 Main Application Sectors.- 6.5 Production of Bulk Plastics.- 6.5.1 Raw Materials.- 6.5.2 Manufacturing.- 6.5.3 Preparation and Forming of Plastics.- 6.5.4 Post-forming Techniques.- 6.6 Special Plastics.- 6.7 Engineering Plastics.- 6.8 Substitution.- 6.9 Investment and Production Costs.- 6.9.1 Energy in the Plastic Industry.- 6.9.2 Environment and Pollution Control.- 6.9.3 Recycling.- 6.10 The Role of Developing Countries.- 6.11 Perspectives for New and Improved Technology.- 6.12 Industry Outlook.- 7 Wood and Wood Products.- 7.1 Utilization of World Forests.- 7.2 Consumption and Production of Wood Products.- 7.3 The Manufacture of Wood and Wood Derived Products.- 7.3.1 Sawmilling.- 7.3.2 Veneer and Plywood Production.- 7.3.3 Particleboard Production.- 7.3.4 Machining of Solid Wood and Wood Derived Products.- 7.4 Wood and Competing Materials.- 7.5 The Role of Developing Countries.- 7.5.1 Increasing Wood Yield.- 7.5.2 Outlook on World Forestry.- 7.6 Use of Wood for the Production of Chemicals, Pulp and Paper.- 7.6.1 Pulp and Paper.- 7.6.2 Environment and Pollution Control.- 7.6.3 Recycling of Paper and Paperboard.- 7.6.4 Precycling.- 7.6.5 Composting.- 7.7 Perspectives for Improved Properties and Products.- 8 Advanced Materials.- 8.1 Three Main Target Areas for Advanced Materials.- 8.2 Typical Examples of Ongoing Innovations.- 8.2.1 Fiber Reinforced Materials (Composites).- 8.2.2 Ceramics in Competition with Metals.- 8.2.3 Advanced Use of Metals and Alloys.- 8.3 Conclusion and Outlook.- 9 Where are the Basic Materials Industries Heading?.- III Technology Planning as Part of Industry's Planning Process.- 1 Why Technology Planning?.- 2 Technology Assessment as a Main Element of Technology Planning.- 3 Main Criteria and Sequence of Technology Planning.- 4 Technology Planning Using an Aluminium Producer as an Example.- 5 Importance of Technology Planning for the Materials Industry.- IV Key Issues for Technology Planning and Assessment.- 1 National Materials Policies versus Market Forces.- 2 Energy as a Critical Constraint.- 2.1 Energy Saving in the Basic Metals Industry.- 2.2 Energy Policy and the Materials Industry.- 3 Energy Accounting of Materials.- 3.1 Aluminium in the Energy Accounting Game.- 3.2 Some Basic Rules for Approaching Energy Accounting.- 3.3 Comparison of Aluminium and Steel Applications in Transportation.- 3.4 Why Could Plastics Survive the Quadrupling of Oil Prices?.- 3.5 Some Energy Issues in Packaging.- 3.5.1 One-way versus Returnable Beverage Containers.- 3.5.2 Recycling - Does It Save Energy?.- 3.5.3 How Packaging Saves Energy.- 3.6 Materials in Energy Supply Units.- 4 Substitution and Conservation of Materials.- 4.1 Selection and Substitution of Materials.- 4.2 Substitution in the Focus of Technology Planning.- 4.3 Seven Levels of Substitution.- 4.4 Introduction to Materials Recycling.- 4.4.1 Recycling in the Production-Consumption System.- 4.4.2 Industrial Recycling.- 4.4.3 The Contributions of Industrial Recycling to Supplies.- 4.4.4 Resource Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste.- 4.5 Assessment of Recovery Technologies.- 4.6 Materials Conservation and Economics.- 4.7 Longer Lifetime of Consumer Goods.- 4.7.1 Redesigning for Recyclability.- 4.7.2 Remanufacturing and Reuse.- 5 Materials and the Automobile Industry.- 5.1 Materials Substitution Possibilities.- 5.2 Materials Substitution Problems.- 6 Materials in Packaging.- 6.1 The Main Groups of Materials.- 6.2 Assessment of Trends in Beverage Cans and Sterilizable Food Containers.- 6.3 Recycling of Packaging Materials.- 6.4 Summary and Outlook.- V Research and Development Opportunities.- 1 Exploration and Discovery.- 2 Mining and Extraction.- 3 Mineral Processing.- 4 Manufacturing Processing.- 5 Materials Design.- 6 Production and Product Design.- VI Outlook.- 1 Resources for the Materials Industry.- 2 Materials and Ecology.- 3 Materials and Energy.- 4 Sophisticated Use of Materials.- 5 An Integrated Approach.- 6 Trends and Issues.- Co-author and Contributors.- Acknowledgements.- The Author.