Physics and Astronomy Online Library

Theory and Practice

By: A. Luiten (Introduction by), F. Knoet (Foreword by), Marinus T. Vlaardingerbroek

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Hardcover | 9 June 2004 | Edition Number 3

At a Glance

Hardcover
528 Pages

Edition Type
Revised

Dimensions(cm)
23.5 x 15.5

Hardcover

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This textbook gives a comprehensive survey of the analytical treatment of MRI physics and engineering. It gives readers the background to apply MRI in medicine or design (sub)systems or sequences for new applications. Special attention is paid to the treatment of intrinsic artifacts of the different sequences, which can be described in a mathematically uniform way for the different scan methods. The book contains many images, especially showing specific properties of the different scan methods. The methods discussed include RARE, GRASE, EPI and Spiral Scan. The 2nd edition and the 3rd edition were expanded and refined. The chapter on motion and flow was expanded, and a chapter added on the configuration theory and multipulse sequences such as BURST, TSE and FFE. A.L. Luiten gives an overview of the early history of MRI imaging. The 3rd edition deals with stranger gradient and new RF coil systems, and sequences such as Balanced FFE and q-space diffusion imaging and SENSE.

Industry Reviews

From the reviews of the third edition:

"In summary the book treats almost all ingredients of MRI, generally at a good level with excellent illustrations and relevant bibliographic references and it does probably represent the best monograph devoted to the subject available today." (Physicalia, 25/2, 2003)

"The book can be recommended to specialists in medical physics who are involved in the use and research of magnetic resonance imaging." (European Radiology, 13/7, 2003)

"The treatment is mathematically detailed throughout but the inclusion of over 100 well annotated real images and example calculations reward the hard work needed with a very clear understanding of precisely how the different methods work and the extent of their limitations." (Contemporary Physics 2004, 45, page 441)

"Magnetic Resonance Imaging is still clearly intended as a book for the specialist but I think the third edition makes the material accessible to the beginning student ... as very reliable reference. ... the inclusion of over 100 well annotated real images and example calculations reward the hard work needed with a very clear understanding of precisely how the different methods work and the extent of their limitations. Since 1996 the book has certainly been my authority on MRI." (Dr. C. N. Guy, Contemporary Physics, Vol. 45 (5), 2004)

"The authors have undertaken the task to develop a coherent theoretical description of MRI, which can serve as a background for thorough understanding of recent and future developments in magnetic resonance imaging. ... the book can be recommended to specialists in medical physics who are involved in the use and research of magnetic resonance imaging." (European Radiology, Vol. 13 (7), 2003)

"This book is devoted to a comprehensive introduction to MR Imaging physics ... . The book is organised in chapters devoted to a unified topic and accompanied by illustrations. ... the book treats almost allingredients of MRI, generally at a good level with excellent illustrations and relevant bibliographic references and its does probably represent the best monograph devoted to the subject available today." (Thierry Metens, Physicalia, Vol. 25 (2), 2003)

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List of Image Sets	p. XIX
Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Historical Introduction	p. 1
MRI and Its Hardware	p. 9
Introduction	p. 9
Spin and Magnetization	p. 9
Precession: Rotating System of Reference	p. 10
Rotation: Excitation by RF Pulses	p. 11
Excitation of a Selected Slice: Gradient Field	p. 13
Free Induction Decay (FID)	p. 15
Spin Echo	p. 16
Determination of Position in the Read-Out Direction	p. 18
Determination of Position in the Phase-Encode Direction	p. 19
Measuring Sequence	p. 19
Object Slice: Voxels and Image Pixels	p. 20
System Architecture	p. 21
Magnets	p. 25
Superconducting Magnets	p. 27
Other Magnet Types	p. 29
Deviations from the Homogeneous Magnetic Field	p. 32
The Gradient Chain	p. 35
Gradient Power Supply and Rise Time	p. 38
Eddy Currents	p. 39
The RF Chain	p. 41
RF Coils	p. 42
The Receiver	p. 48
Physiological Signals	p. 51
The Back End	p. 53
Conventional Imaging Methods	p. 55
Introduction	p. 55
The Bloch Equation	p. 55
Precession	p. 58
Excitation	p. 58
Non-selective Pulse	p. 59
Slice-Selective RF Pulses	p. 59
Other RF Pulses	p. 62
Power Dissipation in an RF Pulse	p. 63
The Spin-Echo Imaging Sequence	p. 64
The <$>\vec {k}<$> Plane	p. 68
Discrete Sampling	p. 69
Sampling Point-Spread Function	p. 72
Thinking in Terms of <$>\vec {k}<$> Space	p. 72
Contrast in Spin-Echo Sequences	p. 77
Scan Parameters and System Design	p. 77
Practical Example	p. 79
Multiple-Slice Acquisition	p. 80
Imaging with Three-Dimensional Encoding	p. 81
The Field-Echo Imaging Sequence	p. 82
Artifacts	p. 84
Ghosting	p. 87
Magnetization Preparation	p. 88
A T₁ Preparation Pulse: Inversion Recovery	p. 89
Other Types of Magnetization Preparation	p. 91
Imaging Methods with Advanced <$>\vec {k}<$>-Space Trajectories	p. 135
Introduction	p. 135
Turbo Spin Echo	p. 137
Profile Order	p. 139
Sources of Artifacts in TSE Images	p. 141
Echo Planar Imaging	p. 144
Practical Example	p. 146
Artifacts Due to <$>T_2^{\ast}<$> Decay and Field Inhomogeneities	p. 147
Artifacts Due to <$>T_2^{\ast}<$> Decay	p. 148
Artifacts Due to Resonance Offset	p. 150
Artifacts Due to Gradient Field Properties and Errors	p. 151
Combination of TSE and EPI: GRASE	p. 154
Square Spiral Imaging	p. 156
Joyriding in <$>\vec {k}<$> Space	p. 156
Spiral Imaging	p. 158
A Practical Example	p. 160
Reconstruction	p. 161
Artifacts in Spiral Imaging	p. 163
"Rosette" Trajectory	p. 165
Radial Imaging	p. 165
Some Remarks on the Reconstruction of Exotic Scans	p. 166
Two-Dimensional Excitation Pulses	p. 167
Steady-State Gradient-Echo Imaging	p. 193
Introduction	p. 193
On FIDs and ECHOs	p. 195
Spin Echo	p. 197
"Eight-Ball" Echo	p. 198
Stimulated Echo	p. 199
RF Phase	p. 201
Response to RF Pulses with ¿ < 90°	p. 202
Echoes as a Result of Many Excitations	p. 203
ECHO Components and RF Phase Cycling	p. 204
Suppressing the Spatial Variation of the Signal	p. 207
Conclusions of the Qualitative Description	p. 208
N-FFE and T₂-FFE	p. 209
T₁-FFE	p. 209
R-FFE	p. 209
Mathematical Model	p. 210
Rotation and Precession Matrix	p. 211
Relaxation Matrix	p. 212
Steady State	p. 212
Steady-State Gradient-Echo Methods (FE and FFE)	p. 219
Sequences with Very Long TR	p. 219
Sequences with T₁ > TR > T₂	p. 220
Sequences with Small TR (TR ≅ T₂)	p. 220
Large Net-Gradient Surface	p. 220
Rephased FFE	p. 224
FID Measurement with Spoiling of <$>M_{\rm T}^-<$>: T₁-FFE (FLASH)	p. 227
FFE with Short TR in Steady State	p. 228
N-FFE, T₂-FFE, and R-FFE with TR ≪ T₂	p. 229
T₁-FFE with TR ≪ T₂	p. 231
Slice Profile	p. 232
Survey of FFE methods	p. 233
Transient-State Gradient-Echo Imaging	p. 247
Introduction	p. 247
Signal Level During Transient State	p. 249
Approach to Steady State by Assuming RF Spoiling	p. 250
Approach to Steady State Without Spoiling	p. 252
Magnetization Preparation	p. 255
Pre-pulse to Avoid the Transient State in T₁-FFE	p. 256
Balanced-TFE Sequences	p. 257
Profile Order	p. 258
Survey of Transient Gradient Echo Methods	p. 259
Contrast and Signal-to-Noise Ratio	p. 271
Introduction	p. 271
Contrast in MR Images	p. 271
The Physical Mechanism of Relaxation in Tissue	p. 273
The BPP Theory of Relaxation in Homogeneous Matter	p. 274
Relaxation Effects in Tissue	p. 276
Fast Exchange	p. 276
Compartments and Slow Exchange	p. 276
Magnetization Transfer	p. 277
Contrast Agents	p. 281
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)	p. 283
Fundamental Expression for the SNR	p. 284
Patient Loading of the Receiving Circuit	p. 285
Low-Field and High-Field Systems	p. 287
Practical Expression for the SNR	p. 288
Introduction of the Scanning Parameters	p. 289
Influence of the Receiver on the SNR	p. 290
Influence of Relaxation on the SNR	p. 291
Application to Practical Situations	p. 292
SNR for Non-uniform Sampling of the <$>\vec {k}<$> Plane	p. 296
One-Sided Partial Scans	p. 296
Non-uniform Sampling with Non-linear Trajectories	p. 299
Reduced Matrix Acquisition	p. 299
Other Partial-Scan Methods	p. 300
Motion and Flow	p. 321
Introduction	p. 321
Moving Structures, Artifacts, and Imaging Methods	p. 322
Cardiac Motion	p. 322
Respiratory Motion	p. 324
Ordering of Phase Encoding	p. 324
Breath Hold	p. 325
Respiratory Gating	p. 325
Correction of Respiratory Movement Using Navigator Echoes	p. 325
Tagging	p. 327
Phase Shift Due to Flow in Gradient Fields	p. 328
Velocity Measurement Using a Bipolar Gradient	p. 330
Velocity-Insensitive Gradient Waveform	p. 332
Flow with Acceleration	p. 332
Influence of Field Inhomogeneities and Eddy Currents	p. 334
Flow Artifacts	p. 335
Ghosting Due to Pulsating Flow	p. 335
Flow Voids	p. 335
Shift in Phase-Encoding Direction Due to Flow	p. 336
Velocity-Insensitive Imaging Sequences: Flow Compensation	p. 337
Selection Direction	p. 337
Read-Out Direction	p. 337
Phase-Encoding Direction: Correction for Misregistration	p. 338
Flow Imaging	p. 339
Phase-Contrast Methods	p. 340
Phase-Contrast Angiography	p. 341
Quantitative Flow Based on Phase Contrast	p. 341
Modulus Contrast Methods	p. 344
Inflow Angiography	p. 344
Contrast-Enhanced MR Angiography	p. 346
MR Angiography Based on Magnetization Preparation	p. 349
Black-Blood Angiography	p. 354
Artifacts in Modulus Contrast Angiography	p. 355
Modulus-Contrast Quantitative Flow Measurements	p. 357
Perfusion	p. 358
MR Perfusion Imaging with Dynamic Bolus Studies	p. 358
Arterial Spin Labelling	p. 361
Diffusion	p. 364
Measurement with Diffusion Sensitization in One Direction	p. 366
Diffusion Imaging of the Brain	p. 368
Q-space Imaging	p. 371
Partitioning of the Magnetization into Configurations	p. 423
Introduction	p. 423
Configurations and Phase Diagrams	p. 423
Theory of Configurations	p. 429
Magnetization Expressed in Discrete Fourier Series	p. 430
Rotation	p. 431
Effect of Rotation and Precession on the Configurations	p. 434
Precession Matrix Including (Free) Diffusion	p. 436
Use of the Theory of Configurations to Describe the Examples in Sect. 8.1	p. 437
Multiple Spin-Echo Example	p. 438
Eight-Ball Echo and Stimulated Echo Examples	p. 440
Multi-excitation Pulse Sequences	p. 441
SE-BURST Imaging	p. 443
Excitation Profile for BURST with Single-Phase Excitation	p. 446
Optimized BURST Excitation Using Phase Modulation	p. 448
Combination of BURST with TSE	p. 451
Gradient Recalled BURST Sequences	p. 452
QUEST and PREVIEW	p. 454
Theory of Configurations and Well-Known Fast-Imaging Sequences	p. 455
Application to TSE	p. 455
Application to FFE	p. 458
Rotation and Precession Matrices and RF Pulse Design	p. 462
Shinnar-Le Roux (SLR) Transformation	p. 463
The Inverse Shinnar-Le Roux Transformation (ISLR Transformation)	p. 465
Appendix	p. 473
References	p. 477
Index of Abbreviated Terms	p. 493
Index	p. 495
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

Physics and Astronomy Online Library

Theory and Practice

At a Glance

Hardcover

Industry Reviews

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