Inorganic Materials Series Preface ix
Preface xi
List of Contributors xiii
1 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 1
Alan V. Chadwick and Shelly L.P. Savin
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Oxide Types; Point Defects and Electrical Conductivity 4
1.3 Preparation of Nanoionic Materials 10
1.4 Characterisation 1
1.4.1 Determination of Particle Size and Dispersion 13
1.4.2 Characterisation of Microstructure 16
1.4.3 Transport Measurements 20
1.5 Review of the Current Experimental Data and their Agreement with Theory 30
1.5.1 Microstructure 30
1.5.2 Transport 31
1.5.3 Mechanical Properties 42
1.5.4 Magnetic Properties 44
1.6 Applications 46
1.6.1 Gas Sensors 46
1.6.2 Batteries 50
1.6.3 Fuel Cells 54
1.6.4 Catalysis and Adsorption 55
1.6.5 Biomedical Applications of Magnetic Nanocrystalline Oxides 60
1.7 Overview and Prospects 62
References 65
2 Inorganic Nanotubes and Nanowires 77
C.N.R. Rao, S.R.C. Vivekchand and A. Govindaraj
2.1 Introduction 77
2.2 Inorganic Nanotubes 78
2.2.1 Synthesis 79
2.2.2 Functionalisation and Solubilisation 114
2.2.3 Properties and Applications 115
2.3 Nanowires 116
2.3.1 Synthesis 116
2.3.2 Self-Assembly and Functionalisation 127
2.3.3 Properties and Applications 130
2.4 Outlook 145
References 146
3 Biomedical Applications of Layered Double Hydroxides 163
Jin-Ho Choy, Jae-Min Oh and Dae-Hwan Park
3.1 Introduction 163
3.1.1 Layered Nanohybrids 163
3.1.2 Layered Nanomaterials 164
3.2 Nanomaterials for Biological Applications 167
3.2.1 Layered Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications 167
3.2.2 Cellular Uptake Pathway of Drug-Inorganic Nanohybrids 174
3.2.3 Targeting Effect of Drug-Inorganic Nanohybrids 178
3.3 Nanomaterials for DNA Molecular Code System 180
3.3.1 Genetic Molecular Code in DNA 180
3.3.2 Chemically and Biologically Stabilised DNA in Layered Nanoparticles 180
3.3.3 Invisible DNA Molecular Code System for Ubiquitous Application 183
3.4 Conclusion 184
References 184
4 Carbon Nanotubes and Related Structures 189
M. Angeles Herranz, Juan Luis Delgado and Nazario Martin
4.1 Introduction 189
4.2 Endohedral Fullerenes 191
4.2.1 Endohedral Metallofullerenes 191
4.2.2 Surgery of Fullerenes 197
4.3 Carbon Nanotubes 200
4.3.1 Covalent Functionalisation 201
4.3.2 Noncovalent Functionalisation 205
4.3.3 Endohedral Functionalisation 208
4.4 Other Carbon Nanotube Forms 209
4.4.1 Cup-Stacked Carbon Nanotubes 209
4.4.2 Carbon Nanohorns 210
4.4.3 Carbon Nanobuds 211
4.4.4 Carbon Nanotori 212
4.5 Carbon Nano-Onions 213
4.6 Graphenes 216
4.7 Summary and Outlook 219
Acknowledgements 219
References 220
5 Magnesium Diboride MgB 2 : A Simple Compound with Important Physical Properties 229
Michael Pissas
5.1 Introduction 229
5.1.1 Electronic Structure of MgB 2 232
5.1.2 Substitutions in MgB 2 Superconductor 235
5.2 Preparation of Pure and Alloyed MgB 2 236
5.2.1 Preparation of Pure and Alloyed Polycrystalline MgB 2 236
5.2.2 Single Crystal Growth of Pristine and Alloyed MgB 2 245
5.3 Physical Properties of MgB 2 246
5.3.1 Boron Isotope Effect 246
5.3.2 Evidence for Two Energy Gaps in MgB 2 248
5.3.3 Dependence of the Superconducting Transition Temperature on Hydrostatic Pressure 249
5.3.4 Resistivity Measurements in MgB 2 250
5.4 Flux Line Properties in Single Crystals of MgB 2 , Mg 1 x Al x B 2 and Mgb 2 x c x 256
5.4.1 Type II Superconductors 256
5.4.2 Flux Line Properties of Pristine MgB 2 259
5.4.3 Aluminium Substituted Single Crystals 266
5.4.4 Carbon Substituted Single Crystals 271
5.4.5 Two-Band Superconductivity and Possible Implications on the Vortex Matter Phase Diagram 275
5.5 Conclusions 278
References 278
Index 287
