Low-Dimensional Semiconductor Structures

Fundamentals and Device Applications

By: Keith Barnham, Dimitri Vvedensky (Editor)

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Paperback | 11 December 2008

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408 Pages

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Published: 21st September 2001

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Low-Dimensional Semiconductor Structures provides a seamless, atoms-to-devices introduction to the latest quantum heterostructures. It covers their fabrication, their electronic, optical, and transport properties, their role in exploring new physical phenomena, and their utilization in devices. The authors begin with a detailed description of the epitaxial growth of semiconductors. They then deal with the physical behaviour of electrons and phonons in low-dimensional structures. A discussion of localization effects and quantum transport phenomena is followed by coverage of the optical properties of quantum wells. They then go on to discuss nonlinear optics in quantum heterostructures. The final chapters deal with semiconductor lasers, mesoscopic devices, and high-speed heterostructure devices. The book contains many exercises and comprehensive references. It is suitable as a textbook for graduate-level courses in electrical engineering and applied physics. It will also be of interest to engineers involved in the development of new semiconductor devices.

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Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Electronics & Communications Engineering Electronics Engineering Electronic Devices & Materials Semi-Conductors & Super-Conductors

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Published: 21st September 2001

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List of contributors	p. xii
Preface	p. xiii
Epitaxial Growth of Semiconductors	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Epitaxial Growth Techniques	p. 3
Molecular-beam Epitaxy	p. 3
Vapour-phase Epitaxy	p. 6
Molecular-beam Epitaxy with Heteroatomic Precursors	p. 7
Epitaxial Growth Modes	p. 8
In Situ Observation of Growth Kinetics and Surface Morphology	p. 10
Reflection High-energy Electron Diffraction	p. 11
Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy	p. 12
Atomic Force Microscopy	p. 13
Atomistic Processes during Homoepitaxy	p. 16
Growth Kinetics on Vicinal GaAs(001)	p. 16
Anisotropic Growth and Surface Reconstructions	p. 19
Vicinal GaAs(001)	p. 19
Vicinal Si(001)	p. 21
Models of Homoepitaxial Kinetics	p. 23
The Theory of Burton, Cabrera and Frank	p. 23
Homogeneous Rate Equations	p. 24
Multilayer Growth on Singular Surfaces	p. 27
Mechanisms of Heteroepitaxial Growth	p. 29
Kinetics and Equilibrium with Misfit Strain	p. 29
The Frenkel-Kontorova Model	p. 30
Direct Growth of Quantum Heterostructures	p. 32
Quantum Wells and Quantum-well Superlattices	p. 33
Quantum Wire Superlattices	p. 34
Self-organized Quantum Dots	p. 37
Stranski-Krastanov Growth of InAs on GaAs(001)	p. 38
Controlled Positioning of Quantum Dots	p. 40
Ge 'Hut' Clusters on Si(001)	p. 40
Growth on Patterned Substrates	p. 42
Selective Area Growth	p. 43
Quantum Wires on 'V-Grooved' Surfaces	p. 43
Stranski--Krastanov Growth on Patterned Substrates	p. 44
Future Directions	p. 46
Exercises	p. 47
References	p. 51
Electrons in Quantum Semiconductor Structures: An Introduction	p. 56
Introduction	p. 56
Ideal Low-dimensional Systems	p. 57
Free Electrons in Three Dimensions: A Review	p. 57
Ideal Two-dimensional Electron Gas	p. 58
Ideal Zero- and One-dimensional Electron Gases	p. 60
Quantum Wells, Wires, and Dots	p. 61
Real Electron Gases: Single Particle Models	p. 61
Ideal Square Well	p. 62
Some Generalizations	p. 65
Holes in Quantum Wells	p. 65
Non-parabolicity	p. 65
Finite Quantum Wells and Real Systems	p. 66
Interface Effects	p. 70
Effective Mass for Parallel Transport	p. 70
Effective-mass Correction to Conduction-band Discontinuities	p. 71
Quantum Wires	p. 73
Quantum Point Contacts	p. 74
Quantum Dots	p. 75
Exercises	p. 76
References	p. 77
Electrons in Quantum Semiconductors Structures: More Advanced Systems and Methods	p. 79
Introduction	p. 79
Many-body Effects	p. 79
The Hartree Approximation	p. 79
Beyond the Hartree Approximation	p. 81
The 2DEG at a Heterojunction Interface	p. 82
The Ideal Heterojunction	p. 85
Some Calculational Methods	p. 86
The WKB Approximation	p. 87
The 2DEG in Doping Wells	p. 90
The Delta Well (Spike Doping)	p. 93
The Thomas--Fermi Approximation for Two-dimensional Systems	p. 95
The Thomas--Fermi Approximation for Heterojunctions and Delta Wells	p. 96
Quantum Wires and Quantum Dots	p. 97
Quantum Point Contacts and Quantized Conductance Steps	p. 97
A Closer Look at Quantum Dots	p. 101
The Coulomb Blockade and Single-electron Transistors	p. 104
Superlattices	p. 106
Superlattices and Multi-quantum-wells	p. 107
Miniband Properties: The WKB Approximation	p. 109
Doping Superlattices	p. 112
Delta-Doped n-i-p-is	p. 114
Compositional and Doping Superlattices	p. 115
Other Types of Superlattices	p. 116
Exercises	p. 118
References	p. 122
Phonons in Low-dimensional Semiconductor Structures	p. 123
Introduction	p. 123
Phonons in Heterostructures	p. 124
Superlattices	p. 125
Mesoscopic Phonon Phenomena	p. 131
Electron--Phonon Interactions in Heterostructures	p. 135
Conclusion	p. 144
Exercises	p. 145
References	p. 147
Localization and Quantum Transport	p. 149
Introduction	p. 149
Localization	p. 151
Percolation	p. 151
The Anderson Transition and the Mobility Edge	p. 151
Variable Range Hopping	p. 154
Minimum Metallic Conductivity	p. 154
Scaling Theory and Quantum Interference	p. 155
The Gang of Four	p. 155
Experiments on Weak Localization	p. 157
Quantum Interference	p. 158
Negative Magnetoresistance	p. 159
Single Rings and Non-local Transport	p. 160
Spin--orbit Coupling, Magnetic Impurities, etc.	p. 163
Universal Conductance Fluctuations	p. 163
Ballistic Transport	p. 163
Interaction Effects	p. 164
The In T Correction	p. 164
Wigner Crystallization	p. 164
The Quantum Hall Effect	p. 165
General	p. 165
The Quantum Hall Effect Measurements	p. 168
The Semiclassical Theory	p. 170
The Fractional Quantum Hall Effect	p. 172
Exercises	p. 175
References	p. 178
Electronic States and Optical Properties of Quantum Wells	p. 180
Introduction	p. 180
The Envelope Function Scheme	p. 183
The Parabolic Band Model	p. 187
Effects of Band Mixing	p. 192
Light Particle Band Non-parabolicity	p. 192
Valence Band Non-parabolicity	p. 193
Multiple Well Effects	p. 194
Effects of the Coulomb Interaction	p. 197
Excitons in Bulk Semiconductors	p. 197
Excitons in Quantum Wells	p. 198
Effects of Applied Bias	p. 201
Optical Absorption in a Quantum Well	p. 205
Optical Characterization	p. 209
Measurement of Absorption	p. 209
Features of Optical Spectra	p. 211
Band Non-parabolicity	p. 211
Valence Band Mixing	p. 212
Interwell Coupling	p. 214
Electric Field	p. 214
Quantum-well Solar Cells	p. 215
Photoconversion	p. 215
Basic Principles	p. 217
Photocurrent	p. 217
Recombination Current	p. 221
Carrier Escape	p. 221
Concluding Remarks	p. 222
Exercises	p. 222
References	p. 225
Non-Linear Optics in Low-dimensional Semiconductors	p. 227
Introduction	p. 227
Non-dissipative NLO Processes	p. 229
Dissipative NLO Effects	p. 231
Potential Applications of NLO	p. 232
Serial Channel Applications	p. 232
Multi-channel Applications: Optical Computing	p. 233
Excitonic Optical Saturation in MQWs	p. 234
Excitonic Absorption at Low Intensities	p. 234
Saturation of Excitonic Peaks at High Intensities	p. 237
The Quantum Confined Stark Effect	p. 239
Doping Superlattices ('n-i-p-i' Crystals)	p. 242
Hetero--n-i-p-i Structures	p. 246
Band Filling Effects in Hetero--n-i-p-is	p. 247
The QCSE in Hetero--n-i-p-is	p. 249
Concluding Remarks	p. 254
Exercises	p. 255
References	p. 257
Semiconductor Lasers	p. 260
Introduction	p. 260
Basic Laser Theory	p. 262
Laser Threshold	p. 265
Threshold Current Density	p. 267
Power Output	p. 270
Fundamental Gain Calculations	p. 272
Electronic Band Structure and Densities of States	p. 272
Carrier Density and Inversion	p. 274
Gain Expression	p. 276
Optical Gain in 2D and 3D Active Regions	p. 277
Strained Layers	p. 280
Optical Interband Matrix Element	p. 284
Some other Laser Geometries	p. 286
Exercises	p. 292
References	p. 294
Mesoscopic Devices	p. 296
Introduction	p. 296
Quantum Interference Transistors	p. 297
Quantum Interference and Negative Magnetoresistance	p. 297
The Aharanov--Bohm Effect	p. 303
Universal Conductance Fluctuations	p. 306
Quantum Interference Transistors	p. 309
The Gated Ring Interferometer	p. 310
The Stub Tuner	p. 311
Problems with Quantum Interference Transistors	p. 311
Ballistic Electron Devices	p. 314
Electron Transmission and the Landauer--Buttiker Formula	p. 315
Quantized Conductance in Ballistic Point Contacts	p. 316
Multi-terminal Devices	p. 318
The Negative Bend Resistance	p. 318
Quenching of the Hall Effect	p. 319
Possible Applications of Ballistic Electron Devices	p. 320
Boundary Scattering in Ballistic Structures	p. 323
Quantum Dot Resonant Tunnelling Devices	p. 325
Resonant Tunnelling through Quantum Wells	p. 326
Resonant Tunnelling through Quantum Dots	p. 328
Gated Resonant Tunnelling through Quantum Dots	p. 329
Coulomb Blockade and Single-electron Transistors	p. 331
Coulomb Blockade in the Current-biassed Single Junction	p. 332
Coulomb Blockade in Double Junctions	p. 334
Necessary Conditions for Efficient Coulomb Blockade	p. 335
Single-electron Transistors	p. 335
Co-tunnelling and Multiple Tunnel Junctions	p. 339
Possible Applications of Single-electron Transistors	p. 340
The Future of Mesoscopic Devices	p. 342
Exercises	p. 343
References	p. 345
High-speed Heterostructure Devices	p. 348
Introduction	p. 348
Field-effect Transistors	p. 349
The Si MOSFET	p. 349
GaAs/AlGaAs High-electron-mobility Transistor	p. 355
InGaAs HEMTs	p. 358
Delta-doped FETs	p. 361
Vertical Transport Devices	p. 363
Unipolar Diodes	p. 364
Hot-electron Devices	p. 365
Resonant Tunnelling Structures	p. 367
Superlattice Devices	p. 370
Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors	p. 372
Conclusions	p. 375
Exercises	p. 375
References	p. 377
Solutions to Selected Exercises	p. 379
Index	p. 387
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

Low-Dimensional Semiconductor Structures

Fundamentals and Device Applications

At a Glance

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Paperback

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