Liquid Crystals

Frontiers In Biomedical Applications

By: Gregory D Jay (Editor), Scott J Woltman (Editor), Gregory P Crawford (Editor)

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Hardcover | 14 August 2007

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514 Pages

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23.6 x 16.5 x 2.5

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The confluence of the fields of liquid crystals and biomedical engineering is resulting in remarkable interdisciplinary research. This book focuses on the potential for inherently translational research in one field of engineering to radically alter the scope of another. The text reviews the exciting advances being made in displays, spectroscopy, sensors and diagnostics, biomimicking, actuators and lasers with regards to liquid crystalline materials, and biomedicine. The liquid crystal field - which has delivered revolutionary devices in the display, optics, and telecommunications industries - is now poised to make significant inroads into biology, medicine, and biomedical engineering.

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Preface	p. vii
Acknowledgments	p. xi
Contributors	p. xiii
Liquid Crystals: A Unique Phase of Matter	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Calamitic thermotropic liquid crystals	p. 2
Discotic liquid crystals	p. 6
Polymer liquid crystals	p. 9
Lyotopic liquid crystals	p. 12
Basic Properties of Liquid Crystals	p. 15
Surface anchoring conditions	p. 16
Dielectric anisotropy	p. 17
Optical anisotropy	p. 19
Elasticity	p. 20
Basic liquid Crystal configurations	p. 21
Optical modeling	p. 22
Viscosity	p. 23
Eutectic mixtures	p. 23
Non-planar confinement	p. 24
Applications	p. 26
Liquid crystal display configurations	p. 26
Ferroelectric liquid crystals	p. 43
Reflective mode cholesteric LCDs	p. 47
Liquid crystal polymer dispersions	p. 49
Rotating configurations	p. 58
Grating Applications	p. 59
Discotic Applications	p. 61
Thin film polarizers	p. 61
Compensation films	p. 63
Photovoltaic discotic liquid crystals	p. 65
Electron transport in discotic liquid crystals	p. 65
Liquid crystal nanotubes	p. 67
Conclusion	p. 68
Bibliography	p. 71
Medical Displays	p. 81
Introduction	p. 81
Display Technology for Medical Imaging Systems	p. 85
Cathode ray tubes	p. 86
Liquid crystal displays	p. 87
Display Device Metrics	p. 89
Luminance	p. 90
Contrast ratio	p. 93
Grayscale	p. 94
Resolution	p. 95
Color	p. 97
Viewing angle	p. 99
Veiling glare	p. 106
Uniformity	p. 108
Integrated Medical Imaging Systems	p. 109
Optimization of Displays for Medical Applications	p. 109
Image Processing	p. 111
3-D displays	p. 112
Passive barrier 3-D displays	p. 113
3-D displays based on lenticular lenses	p. 115
Luminance modulated 3-D displays	p. 118
Active barrier 3-D displays	p. 119
Field-sequential LCD 3-D displays	p. 120
Volumetric 3-D displays	p. 122
Liquid Crystal Thermography	p. 123
Future Outlook	p. 128
Head mounted displays	p. 129
Projection displays	p. 131
Acousto-optic liquid crystal sensors	p. 132
Flexible displays	p. 133
Conclusion	p. 134
Bibliography	p. 137
Liquid Crystals in Spectroscopy, Microscopy and Hyperspectral Imaging	p. 149
Introduction	p. 149
Diffraction Gratings and Tunable Filter Spectrometers	p. 153
Dispersive devices	p. 153
Nondispersive devices	p. 157
Acousto-optic tunable filters	p. 160
Liquid crystal tunable filters	p. 162
Hyperspectral imaging in medicine	p. 175
Raman imaging with liquid crystals	p. 182
Fourier Transform Spectrometers	p. 184
Operation and advantages	p. 184
Michelson-based FT spectrometers	p. 186
Liquid crystal Fourier transform spectrometers	p. 187
Applications in medicine	p. 197
Polarimeters and Polarization Microscopy	p. 197
Polarimetry and polarization microscopy	p. 197
Stokes parameters and the Mueller matrix	p. 199
Liquid crystals in polarimeters	p. 201
Polarimetric imaging and spectro-polarimeters	p. 203
Liquid crystals in polarization microscopy	p. 205
Polarimetry and polarization imaging in biology	p. 208
Liquid Crystals Spatial Light Modulation in Microscopy	p. 210
Phase contrast and interference microscopy	p. 210
Scanning microscopy	p. 213
Liquid crystal shutters in microscopy	p. 217
Liquid crystal SLM in optical trapping	p. 217
Liquid crystal SLM in adaptive optics	p. 219
Conclusion	p. 223
Bibliography	p. 225
Liquid Crystal Biosensors	p. 241
Background and Introduction	p. 241
Scope of the problem	p. 244
Engineering a solution	p. 245
Current Diagnostic Techniques	p. 247
Molecular diagnostics and microfluidics	p. 249
Quartz crystal microbalance assays	p. 251
Non-liquid crystal optical techniques	p. 253
Basic Biological Concepts	p. 256
Phospholipids	p. 256
Free surface interactions and surface anchoring	p. 257
Liquid crystal confinement	p. 258
Biosensors using Liquid Crystal Technology	p. 259
Background - interfaces	p. 260
Liquid crystal biocompatibility	p. 263
Other techniques for liquid crystal biosensors	p. 267
Imaging of protein immobilization	p. 269
Virus detection using liquid crystals	p. 282
Bacterial detection using liquid crystals	p. 285
Conclusion	p. 286
Bibliography	p. 289
Liquid Crystal Lasers	p. 297
Introduction	p. 297
Dye Laser Systems and Photonic Crystals	p. 301
The distributed feedback laser	p. 301
Organic laser dyes and dye laser systems	p. 303
Photonic crystals	p. 307
Liquid Crystal Lasers	p. 310
Experimental setup for lasing	p. 311
Cholesteric liquid crystals	p. 312
Other liquid crystal configurations	p. 335
Liquid crystals in distributed feedback lasers	p. 348
Liquid Crystal Lasers in Biology and Medicine	p. 351
Lasing in biology	p. 352
Lasing in medicine	p. 357
Conclusion	p. 360
Bibliography	p. 361
Biomimicking with Liquid Crystals	p. 375
Introduction	p. 375
Color	p. 377
Structural color in nature	p. 378
Liquid crystal structural color biomimicking	p. 387
Anti-reflection	p. 396
Anti-reflection layers in nature	p. 396
Anti-reflection using liquid crystals	p. 398
Lenses	p. 400
Biological lenses	p. 401
Liquid crystal lenses	p. 403
Biotemplating	p. 409
Biomimetic Patterning	p. 412
Optical patterning techniques	p. 412
Mechanical-patterning techniques	p. 421
Natural Occuring Liquid Crystalline Phases	p. 426
Conclusion	p. 427
Bibliography	p. 429
Actuators and Delivery Systems	p. 441
Introduction	p. 442
Liquid Crystal Polymer Materials	p. 444
Main-chain and side-chain liquid crystal polymers	p. 444
Reactive mesogens	p. 444
Elastomers	p. 453
Gels and hydrogels	p. 459
Carbon nanotube doped materials	p. 465
Actuators	p. 467
Muscles	p. 468
Heart valves	p. 469
Other actuator applications	p. 471
Drug Delivery Systems	p. 473
Drug delivery systems with elastomers	p. 473
Drug delivery systems with hydrogels	p. 474
Liquid Crystalline Contact Lenses	p. 476
Conclusion	p. 477
Bibliography	p. 479
Index	p. 489
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Liquid Crystals

Frontiers In Biomedical Applications

At a Glance

Hardcover

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