Light-Emitting Diodes

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Hardcover | 8 June 2006 | Edition Number 2

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Hardcover
434 Pages

Edition Type
Revised

Dimensions(cm)
24.41 x 16.99 x 2.39

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Revised and fully up-dated, the second edition of this graduate textbook offers a comprehensive explanation of the technology and physics of LEDs such as infrared, visible-spectrum, ultraviolet, and white LEDs made from III-V semiconductors. Elementary properties such as electrical and optical characteristics are reviewed, followed by the analysis of advanced device structures. With nine additional chapters, the treatment of LEDs has been vastly expanded, including new material on device packaging, reflectors, UV LEDs, III-V nitride materials, solid-state sources for illumination applications, and junction temperature. Radiative and non-radiative recombination dynamics, methods for improving light extraction, high-efficiency and high-power device designs, white-light emitters with wavelength-converting phosphor materials, optical reflectors, and spontaneous recombination in resonant-cavity structures are discussed in detail. With exercises, solutions, and illustrative examples, this textbook will be of interest to scientists and engineers working on LEDs and graduate students in electrical engineering, applied physics, and materials science.

Industry Reviews

'Light-Emitting Diodes is an excellent examination of the physics and technology of semiconductor LEDs. The narration is simple and direct, and the book is well referenced for those seeking a deeper understanding of the topic.' Physics Today

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Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Energy Technology & Engineering Electrical Engineering Electronics & Communications Engineering Electronics Engineering Electronic Devices & Materials Semi-Conductors & Super-Conductors Science Physics Materials & States of Matter Condensed Matter Physics including Liquid State & Solid State Physics

Mechanical Engineering & Materials Materials Science

Preface	p. x
History of light-emitting diodes	p. 1
History of SiC LEDs	p. 1
History of GaAs and AlGaAs infrared and red LEDs	p. 4
History of GaAsP LEDs	p. 8
History of GaP and GaAsP LEDs doped with optically active impurities	p. 9
History of GaN metal-semiconductor emitters	p. 15
History of blue, green, and white LEDs based on GaInN p-n junctions	p. 17
History of AlGaInP visible-spectrum LEDs	p. 19
LEDs entering new fields of applications	p. 21
References	p. 23
Radiative and non-radiative recombination	p. 27
Radiative electron-hole recombination	p. 27
Radiative recombination for low-level excitation	p. 28
Radiative recombination for high-level excitation	p. 32
Bimolecular rate equations for quantum well structures	p. 33
Luminescence decay	p. 33
Non-radiative recombination in the bulk	p. 35
Non-radiative recombination at surfaces	p. 41
Competition between radiative and non-radiative recombination	p. 44
References	p. 46
Theory of radiative recombination	p. 48
Quantum mechanical model of recombination	p. 48
The van Roosbroeck-Shockley model	p. 50
Temperature and doping dependence of recombination	p. 54
The Einstein model	p. 56
References	p. 57
LED basics: Electrical properties	p. 59
Diode current-voltage characteristic	p. 59
Deviations from ideal I-V characteristic	p. 63
Evaluation of diode parasitic resistances	p. 67
Emission energy	p. 68
Carrier distribution in p-n homojunctions	p. 69
Carrier distribution in p-n heterojunctions	p. 70
Effect of heterojunctions on device resistance	p. 71
Carrier loss in double heterostructures	p. 75
Carrier overflow in double heterostructures	p. 78
Electron-blocking layers	p. 81
Diode voltage	p. 83
References	p. 84
LED basics: Optical properties	p. 86
Internal, extraction, external, and power efficiencies	p. 86
Emission spectrum	p. 87
The light escape cone	p. 91
Radiation pattern	p. 93
The lambertian emission pattern	p. 94
Epoxy encapsulants	p. 97
Temperature dependence of emission intensity	p. 98
References	p. 100
Junction and carrier temperatures	p. 101
Carrier temperature and high-energy slope of spectrum	p. 101
Junction temperature and peak emission wavelength	p. 103
Theory of temperature dependence of diode forward voltage	p. 104
Measurement of junction temperature using forward voltage	p. 108
Constant-current and constant-voltage DC drive circuits	p. 110
References	p. 112
High internal efficiency designs	p. 113
Double heterostructures	p. 113
Doping of active region	p. 116
p-n junction displacement	p. 118
Doping of the confinement regions	p. 119
Non-radiative recombination	p. 122
Lattice matching	p. 123
References	p. 126
Design of current flow	p. 127
Current-spreading layer	p. 127
Theory of current spreading	p. 133
Current crowding in LEDs on insulating substrates	p. 136
Lateral injection schemes	p. 140
Current-blocking layers	p. 142
References	p. 143
High extraction efficiency structures	p. 145
Absorption of below-bandgap light in semiconductors	p. 145
Double heterostructures	p. 149
Shaping of LED dies	p. 150
Textured semiconductor surfaces	p. 154
Cross-shaped contacts and other contact geometries	p. 156
Transparent substrate technology	p. 157
Anti-reflection optical coatings	p. 159
Flip-chip packaging	p. 160
References	p. 161
Reflectors	p. 163
Metallic reflectors, reflective contacts, and transparent contacts	p. 164
Total internal reflectors	p. 168
Distributed Bragg reflectors	p. 170
Omnidirectional reflectors	p. 181
Specular and diffuse reflectors	p. 184
References	p. 189
Packaging	p. 191
Low-power and high-power packages	p. 191
Protection against electrostatic discharge (ESD)	p. 193
Thermal resistance of packages	p. 195
Chemistry of encapsulants	p. 196
Advanced encapsulant structures	p. 198
References	p. 199
Visible-spectrum LEDs	p. 201
The GaAsP, GaP, GaAsP:N, and GaP:N material systems	p. 201
The AlGaAs/GaAs material system	p. 206
The AlGaInP/GaAs material system	p. 209
The GaInN material system	p. 211
General characteristics of high-brightness LEDs	p. 213
Optical characteristics of high-brightness LEDs	p. 216
Electrical characteristics of high-brightness LEDs	p. 218
References	p. 220
The AlGaInN material system and ultraviolet emitters	p. 222
The UV spectral range	p. 222
The AlGaInN bandgap	p. 223
Polarization effects in III-V nitrides	p. 224
Doping activation in III-V nitrides	p. 226
Dislocations in III-V nitrides	p. 227
UV devices emitting at wavelengths longer than 360 nm	p. 231
UV devices emitting at wavelengths shorter than 360 nm	p. 233
References	p. 236
Spontaneous emission from resonant cavities	p. 239
Modification of spontaneous emission	p. 239
Fabry-Perot resonators	p. 241
Optical mode density in a one-dimensional resonator	p. 244
Spectral emission enhancement	p. 248
Integrated emission enhancement	p. 249
Experimental emission enhancement and angular dependence	p. 251
References	p. 253
Resonant-cavity light-emitting diodes	p. 255
Introduction and history	p. 255
RCLED design rules	p. 256
GaInAs/GaAs RCLEDs emitting at 930 nm	p. 260
AlGaInP/GaAs RCLEDs emitting at 650 nm	p. 265
Large-area photon recycling LEDs	p. 268
Thresholdless lasers	p. 270
Other RCLED devices	p. 271
Other novel confined-photon emitters	p. 272
References	p. 273
Human eye sensitivity and photometric qualities	p. 275
Light receptors of the human eye	p. 275
Basic radiometric and photometric units	p. 277
Eye sensitivity function	p. 280
Colors of near-monochromatic emitters	p. 283
Luminous efficacy and luminous efficiency	p. 284
Brightness and linearity of human vision	p. 286
Circadian rhythm and circadian sensitivity	p. 287
References	p. 289
Photopic eye sensitivity function	p. 290
Scotopic eye sensitivity function	p. 291
Colorimetry	p. 292
Color-matching functions and chromaticity diagram	p. 292
Color purity	p. 300
LEDs in the chromaticity diagram	p. 301
Relationship between chromaticity and color	p. 302
References	p. 302
Color-matching functions (CIE 1931)	p. 304
Color-matching functions (CIE 1978)	p. 305
Planckian sources and color temperature	p. 306
The solar spectrum	p. 306
The planckian spectrum	p. 307
Color temperature and correlated color temperature	p. 309
References	p. 311
Planckian emitter	p. 312
Color mixing and color rendering	p. 313
Additive color mixing	p. 313
Color rendering	p. 315
Color-rendering index for planckian-locus illumination sources	p. 323
Color-rendering index for non-planckian-locus illumination sources	p. 324
References	p. 327
Reflectivity of test-color samples	p. 328
Reflectivity of test-color samples	p. 330
White-light sources based on LEDs	p. 332
Generation of white light with LEDs	p. 332
Generation of white light by dichromatic sources	p. 333
Generation of white light by trichromatic sources	p. 338
Temperature dependence of trichromatic LED-based white-light source	p. 340
Generation of white light by tetrachromatic and pentachromatic sources	p. 344
References	p. 344
White-light sources based on wavelength converters	p. 346
Efficiency of wavelength-converter materials	p. 347
Wavelength-converter materials	p. 349
Phosphors	p. 351
White LEDs based on phosphor converters	p. 353
Spatial phosphor distributions	p. 355
UV-pumped phosphor-based white LEDs	p. 357
White LEDs based on semiconductor converters (PRS-LED)	p. 358
Calculation of the power ratio of PRS-LED	p. 359
Calculation of the luminous efficiency of PRS-LED	p. 361
Spectrum of PRS-LED	p. 363
White LEDs based on dye converters	p. 364
References	p. 364
Optical communication	p. 367
Types of optical fibers	p. 367
Attenuation in silica and plastic optical fibers	p. 369
Modal dispersion in fibers	p. 371
Material dispersion in fibers	p. 372
Numerical aperture of fibers	p. 374
Coupling with lenses	p. 376
Free-space optical communication	p. 379
References	p. 381
Communication LEDs	p. 382
LEDs for free-space communication	p. 382
LEDs for fiber-optic communication	p. 382
Surface-emitting Burrus-type communication LEDs emitting at 870 nm	p. 383
Surface-emitting communication LEDs emitting at 1300 nm	p. 384
Communication LEDs emitting at 650 nm	p. 386
Edge-emitting superluminescent diodes (SLDs)	p. 388
References	p. 391
LED modulation characteristics	p. 393
Rise and fall times, 3 dB frequency, and bandwidth in linear circuit theory	p. 393
Rise and fall time in the limit of large diode capacitance	p. 395
Rise and fall time in the limit of small diode capacitance	p. 396
Voltage dependence of the rise and fall times	p. 397
Carrier sweep-out of the active region	p. 399
Current shaping	p. 400
3 dB frequency	p. 401
Eye diagram	p. 401
Carrier lifetime and 3 dB frequency	p. 402
References	p. 403
Frequently used symbols	p. 404
Physical constants	p. 408
Room temperature properties of III-V arsenides	p. 409
Room temperature properties of III-V nitrides	p. 410
Room temperature properties of III-V phosphides	p. 411
Room temperature properties of Si and Ge	p. 412
Periodic system of elements (basic version)	p. 413
Periodic system of elements (detailed version)	p. 414
Index	p. 415
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Light-Emitting Diodes

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Hardcover

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