| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Why Spatio-temporal Databases? | p. 1 |
| Chorochronos | p. 2 |
| Contributions | p. 3 |
| Organization of the Book | p. 4 |
| References | p. 5 |
| Ontology for Spatio-temporal Databases | p. 9 |
| Introduction | p. 9 |
| Ontology to Drive Information System Design | p. 11 |
| Ontological Problems of Geographic Information Systems and Other Spatio-temporal Information Systems | p. 12 |
| Structure of the Chapter | p. 13 |
| The Notion of Ontology | p. 13 |
| Classical View | p. 13 |
| Social Reality | p. 14 |
| Application Domains | p. 15 |
| Table-Top Situation | p. 16 |
| Cityscape | p. 17 |
| Geographic Landscape | p. 18 |
| Model of Information Systems | p. 19 |
| Information Systems as Vehicles of Exchange between Multiple Agents | p. 20 |
| Correctness of Information System Related to Observations | p. 21 |
| Semantics for Terms in Information Systems | p. 22 |
| Grounding of Semantics in Physical Operations | p. 23 |
| The Five Tiers of the Ontology | p. 24 |
| Physical Reality Seen as an Ontology of a Four-Dimensional Field | p. 24 |
| Observation of Physical Reality | p. 25 |
| Operations and Ontology of Individuals | p. 26 |
| Social Ontology | p. 29 |
| Ontology of Cognitive Agents | p. 30 |
| The Language to Describe the Ontology | p. 30 |
| Tools to Implement Ontologies | p. 32 |
| Multi-agent Systems and Formalization of Database Ontologies | p. 35 |
| Ontological Tier 0: Ontology of the Physical Reality | p. 36 |
| Properties | p. 37 |
| Physical Space-Time Field | p. 38 |
| Ontological Tier 1: Our Limited Knowledge of the World through Observations of Reality | p. 38 |
| Observations | p. 38 |
| Measurement Units | p. 40 |
| Classification of Values | p. 41 |
| Special Observations: Points in Space and Time | p. 42 |
| Approximate Location | p. 44 |
| Discretization and Sampling | p. 46 |
| Virtual Datasets: Validity of Values | p. 47 |
| Ontological Tier 2: Representation - World of Individual Objects | p. 48 |
| Objects Are Defined by Uniform Properties | p. 49 |
| Geometry of Objects | p. 49 |
| Properties of Objects | p. 52 |
| Geographic Objects Are not Solid Bodies | p. 52 |
| Objects Endure in Time | p. 52 |
| Temporal, but A-Spatial Objects | p. 56 |
| Ontological Tier 3: Socially Constructed Reality | p. 57 |
| Social Reality Is Real within a Context | p. 57 |
| Names | p. 58 |
| Institutional Reality | p. 59 |
| Ontological Tier 4: Modeling Cognitive Agents | p. 61 |
| Logical Deduction | p. 61 |
| Two Time Perspectives | p. 62 |
| Sources of Knowledge | p. 63 |
| Ontological Commitments Necessary for a Spatio-temporal Database | p. 64 |
| Existence of a Single Reality | p. 64 |
| Values for Properties Can Be Observed | p. 64 |
| Assume Space and Time | p. 64 |
| Observations Are Necessarily Limited | p. 64 |
| Processes Determine Objects | p. 65 |
| Names of Objects | p. 65 |
| Social, Especially Institutionally Constructed Reality | p. 65 |
| Knowledge of an Agent Is Changing in Time | p. 65 |
| Conclusions | p. 66 |
| References | p. 67 |
| Conceptual Models for Spatio-temporal Applications | p. 79 |
| Motivation | p. 79 |
| Spatio-temporal Foundations | p. 80 |
| Spatio-temporal Entity-Relationship Model | p. 82 |
| Extending the ER with Spatio-temporal Constructs | p. 82 |
| A Textual Notation for STER | p. 91 |
| Example of Usage of STER | p. 93 |
| Spatio-temporal Unified Modeling Language | p. 95 |
| Using UML Core Constructs for Spatio-temporal Data | p. 95 |
| Overview of Extended Spatio-temporal UML | p. 99 |
| Basic Constructs: Spatial, Temporal, Thematic | p. 99 |
| Additional Constructs: Specification Box, Existence Time, and Groups | p. 109 |
| Example of Usage | p. 110 |
| Related Work | p. 111 |
| Conclusions | p. 114 |
| References | p. 114 |
| Spatio-temporal Models and Languages: An Approach Based on Data Types | p. 117 |
| Introduction | p. 117 |
| The Data Type Approach | p. 119 |
| Motivation | p. 119 |
| Modeling | p. 121 |
| Some Example Queries | p. 123 |
| Some Basic Issues | p. 125 |
| An Abstract Model: A Foundation for Representing and Querying Moving Objects | p. 129 |
| Spatio-temporal Data Types | p. 129 |
| Language Embedding of Abstract Data Types | p. 133 |
| Overview of Data Type Operations | p. 134 |
| Operations on Non-temporal Types | p. 135 |
| Operations on Temporal Types | p. 140 |
| Application Example | p. 145 |
| Summary | p. 146 |
| A Discrete Model: Data Structures for Moving Objects Databases | p. 146 |
| Overview | p. 146 |
| Definition of Discrete Data Types | p. 149 |
| Outlook | p. 160 |
| Spatio-temporal Predicates and Developments | p. 160 |
| Spatio-temporal Partitions | p. 164 |
| On a Spatio-temporal Relational Model Based on Quanta | p. 167 |
| Spatio-temporal Statement Modifiers | p. 170 |
| References | p. 174 |
| Spatio-temporal Models and Languages: An Approach Based on Constraints | p. 177 |
| Introduction | p. 177 |
| Representing Spatio-temporal Information Using Constraints | p. 179 |
| An Algebra for Relations with Constraints | p. 181 |
| Indefinite Information in Spatio-temporal Databases | p. 183 |
| Querying Indefinite Information | p. 186 |
| Beyond Flat Constraint Relations: The dedale Approach | p. 190 |
| The dedale Algebra | p. 192 |
| The User Query Language of dedale | p. 194 |
| The Syntax | p. 195 |
| Example Queries | p. 196 |
| Conclusions | p. 198 |
| References | p. 199 |
| Access Methods and Query Processing Techniques | p. 203 |
| Introduction | p. 203 |
| R-Tree-Based Methods | p. 204 |
| Preliminary Approaches | p. 204 |
| The Spatio-bitemporal R Tree | p. 207 |
| The Time-Parameterized R Tree | p. 212 |
| Trajectory Bundle | p. 217 |
| Quadtree-Based Methods | p. 221 |
| The MOF Tree | p. 222 |
| The MOF+-Tree | p. 225 |
| Overlapping Linear Quadtrees | p. 227 |
| Multiversion Linear Quadtree | p. 231 |
| Data Structures and Algorithms for the Discrete Model | p. 236 |
| Data Structures | p. 236 |
| Two Example Algorithms | p. 239 |
| Benchmarking and Data Generation | p. 244 |
| Benchmarking | p. 244 |
| Data Generation | p. 246 |
| Distribution and Optimization Issues | p. 248 |
| Distributed Indexing Techniques | p. 248 |
| Query Optimization | p. 251 |
| Related Work | p. 253 |
| Conclusions | p. 255 |
| References | p. 255 |
| Architectures and Implementations of Spatio-temporal Database Management Systems | |
| Introduction | p. 263 |
| Architectural Aspects | p. 263 |
| The Layered Architecture | p. 264 |
| The Monolithic Architecture | p. 266 |
| The Extensible Architecture | p. 266 |
| Commercial Approaches to Spatial-temporal Extensions | p. 267 |
| The Concert Prototype System | p. 270 |
| Introduction | p. 270 |
| Architecture | p. 270 |
| Spatio-temporal Extensions | p. 272 |
| Implementation Details | p. 275 |
| Case Studies | p. 276 |
| The Secondo Prototype System | p. 279 |
| Introduction | p. 279 |
| Second-Order Signature | p. 280 |
| Architecture | p. 283 |
| Implementing Spatio-temporal Algebra Modules | p. 288 |
| The Dedale Prototype System | p. 290 |
| Introduction | p. 290 |
| Interpolation in the Constraint Model: Representation of Moving Objects | p. 291 |
| Architecture | p. 292 |
| Implementation Details | p. 293 |
| Example of Query Evaluation | p. 294 |
| The Tiger Prototype System | p. 297 |
| Introduction | p. 297 |
| Architecture | p. 297 |
| Spatio-temporal Extensions | p. 298 |
| Tiger's Implementation | p. 300 |
| Processing Queries Using External Modules-Case Study | p. 302 |
| The GeoToolKit Prototype System | p. 303 |
| Introduction | p. 303 |
| Architecture | p. 304 |
| Spatio-temporal Extensions | p. 305 |
| Implementation Details | p. 308 |
| CaseStudies | p. 309 |
| Conclusions | p. 310 |
| References | p. 313 |
| Advanced Uses: Composing Interactive Spatio-temporal Documents | p. 319 |
| Introduction | p. 319 |
| Interactive Presentations and Spatio-temporal Databases | p. 320 |
| Modeling the Components of Spatio-temporal Interactive Documents | p. 321 |
| Particularities of 3D-Spatio-temporal Modeling for ScenarioComponents | p. 321 |
| Meta-modeling | p. 322 |
| Temporal Semantics | p. 325 |
| 3D-Spatial Semantics | p. 327 |
| 3D-Spatio-temporal Semantics | p. 328 |
| Modeling of Spatio-temporal Behavior | p. 330 |
| Modeling Interaction with Events | p. 330 |
| Database Support for Scenario Components | p. 335 |
| Querying and Accessing Stored Components | p. 336 |
| A Global Architecture | p. 338 |
| Examples of Applications | p. 338 |
| Related Work | p. 340 |
| Conclusions | p. 343 |
| References | p. 344 |
| Spatio-temporal Databases in the Years Ahead | p. 345 |
| Introduction | p. 345 |
| Mobile and Wireless Computing | p. 345 |
| Data Warehousing and Mining | p. 346 |
| The Semantic Web | p. 346 |
| Conclusions | p. 346 |
| References | p. 347 |
| List of Contributors | p. 349 |
| Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved. |
