| The Software Process: Modelling and Technology | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| The Perspective of this Book | p. 2 |
| Processes and Process Models | p. 3 |
| A Simple Example: Software Change | p. 5 |
| Process Modelling | p. 7 |
| Basic Elements | p. 7 |
| Process Model Levels | p. 8 |
| Process Model Views | p. 9 |
| Process-sensitive Software Engineering Environments | p. 10 |
| Meta-Process | p. 11 |
| Conclusion | p. 12 |
| Software Process - Standards, Assessments and Improvement | p. 15 |
| Introduction | p. 15 |
| Standard Processes | p. 16 |
| ISO 9000-3 | p. 16 |
| PSS-05 | p. 17 |
| ISO-12207 | p. 18 |
| Assessment Methods | p. 19 |
| The Capability Maturity Model | p. 19 |
| Bootstrap | p. 21 |
| SPICE | p. 21 |
| Summary | p. 22 |
| Improvement Methods | p. 22 |
| Quality Improvement Paradigm | p. 22 |
| The Personal Software Process | p. 23 |
| Total Quality Management | p. 24 |
| Standards and Software Process Technology | p. 25 |
| Process Modelling Languages | p. 27 |
| Introduction | p. 27 |
| Requirements on Process Modelling Languages | p. 28 |
| Process Elements | p. 29 |
| PML Requirements and Meta-process Phases | p. 31 |
| Possible PML Technologies from Other Languages/Domains | p. 34 |
| Project Management | p. 34 |
| Formal Specification Languages | p. 34 |
| Informal Design Notations | p. 35 |
| Programming Languages | p. 35 |
| Database Languages | p. 35 |
| CASE Tools and Tool Integration Mechanisms | p. 35 |
| WorkFlow and Groupware | p. 35 |
| The PML Design Dilemma: One or Many PMLs? | p. 36 |
| Process Modelling Languages in the Promoter Context | p. 38 |
| The Survey Method | p. 38 |
| EPOS SPELL | p. 39 |
| SOCCA | p. 39 |
| Merlin | p. 40 |
| OIKOS | p. 41 |
| ALF | p. 41 |
| ADELE-TEMPO | p. 42 |
| SPADE | p. 42 |
| PEACE+ | p. 43 |
| E3 | p. 44 |
| PADM | p. 44 |
| Discussion | p. 45 |
| Other PMLs | p. 47 |
| APPL/A | p. 47 |
| MARVEL | p. 48 |
| Process Weaver | p. 49 |
| Possible Groups of PMLs and PSEEs | p. 50 |
| Conclusion | p. 51 |
| Meta-Process | p. 53 |
| Introduction | p. 53 |
| Overview | p. 53 |
| Meta-Process and Quality Improvement | p. 55 |
| Existing Meta-Processes | p. 56 |
| Requirements for a Meta-Process | p. 59 |
| A Model of the Meta-Process | p. 61 |
| Introduction | p. 61 |
| Control and Problem Solving | p. 61 |
| Consistency Management | p. 63 |
| Task Decomposition | p. 65 |
| Method Specialisation | p. 66 |
| Remarks on the Model | p. 66 |
| PROMOTER Reference Model (PRM) | p. 67 |
| Model Structure | p. 67 |
| Method Specialisation | p. 70 |
| Task Decomposition | p. 71 |
| Consistency Management | p. 72 |
| Validation of the PRM with Respect to Requirements | p. 73 |
| Empirical Justification of PRM | p. 74 |
| Introduction | p. 74 |
| The Customisation of PRM as QIP | p. 74 |
| The Customisation of PRM as PRISM | p. 76 |
| The Customisation of PRM as "Process Life-cycle" | p. 76 |
| Experience from Empirical Justification | p. 78 |
| Validation with respect to CMM | p. 80 |
| Introduction | p. 80 |
| Consistency Management | p. 81 |
| Task Decomposition View | p. 81 |
| Method Specialisation View | p. 85 |
| Validation of PRM with respect to Implementation | p. 86 |
| Introduction | p. 86 |
| Process Wise Integrator | p. 86 |
| The Model | p. 87 |
| The Scenario | p. 87 |
| Conclusion | p. 90 |
| Requirements | p. 91 |
| Managing the Process Improvement Process | p. 91 |
| Looking at other Meta-Processes | p. 91 |
| Why Use a PRM? | p. 92 |
| The Way Forward | p. 92 |
| Architectural Views and Alternatives | p. 95 |
| Basic Components | p. 95 |
| A Reference Model for Architectures in PSEEs | p. 95 |
| Dialog Management | p. 96 |
| Process Management | p. 98 |
| Workspace Management | p. 99 |
| Repository Management | p. 100 |
| Communication Management | p. 105 |
| Tools | p. 106 |
| Architectures for Distributed PSEEs | p. 107 |
| Determinant Requirements on Architectures for Distributed PSEEs | p. 107 |
| Architectural Alternatives for Distributed PSEEs | p. 108 |
| Example Architecture: The Distributed PSEE Merlin | p. 111 |
| Instance View on the Merlin Architecture | p. 111 |
| Type View on the Merlin Architecture | p. 111 |
| Cooperation Control in PSEE | p. 117 |
| Introduction | p. 117 |
| Objective | p. 117 |
| An Illustrative Example | p. 118 |
| Organisation of the Chapter | p. 123 |
| Moving from Traditional to Advanced Applications | p. 123 |
| ACID Properties | p. 123 |
| From ACID to Non-ACID | p. 124 |
| From Flat to Nested | p. 124 |
| From Closed to Open | p. 124 |
| Hierarchical versus Layered | p. 125 |
| Homogeneous versus Heterogeneous | p. 125 |
| From Transient to Persistent | p. 125 |
| Available Advanced Transaction Models | p. 125 |
| Summary and Analysis | p. 131 |
| Impact of Cooperation Control on the Architecture of PSEE | p. 133 |
| Impact of the Repository on Consistency Maintenance | p. 135 |
| Workspaces: an Abstract Level to Support Flexibility | p. 136 |
| Predefined Synchronisation Strategies Layer | p. 138 |
| The Knowledge Management Layer | p. 139 |
| The Interface Layer | p. 140 |
| Current Work | p. 141 |
| The COO System | p. 141 |
| The MERLIN System | p. 148 |
| The ADELE System | p. 153 |
| The SPADE System | p. 158 |
| Other Facets of Cooperation | p. 164 |
| Conclusion | p. 164 |
| The Human Dimension of the Software Process | p. 165 |
| Introduction | p. 165 |
| Three Organisational Contexts of Software Development | p. 166 |
| In-house Development in "ACME Stores": the Fetish of Methodology | p. 166 |
| Case B: Implementing Quality Management in a Software House (Columbine) | p. 168 |
| Case C: User Involvement in the Development of a Medical Workstation | p. 169 |
| General Remarks on the Cases | p. 171 |
| The Social Dynamics of the Software Process | p. 172 |
| MIS Research on the Software Process | p. 172 |
| The Contribution of Software Psychology | p. 176 |
| Process Modelling and Enactment: Some Practical Experiences | p. 179 |
| The Human Role in the Software Process: Dowson's framework | p. 182 |
| Dowson's Framework | p. 182 |
| User Interaction | p. 184 |
| User Interaction, Learning and the Meta-Process | p. 186 |
| Interpersonal Interaction | p. 187 |
| A Human-Centred Approach to Software Process Support | p. 189 |
| The Need for an "Ecological Approach" in Software Process Research | p. 190 |
| Synergy with Computer Supported Cooperative Work | p. 191 |
| The Limits of the Process Enactment Paradigm | p. 192 |
| The Software Process is a Learning Process | p. 194 |
| Conclusion | p. 196 |
| Software Process: Key Issues and Future Directions | p. 201 |
| Introduction | p. 201 |
| Summary of Key Issues | p. 201 |
| Process Modelling Languages | p. 202 |
| The Meta-Process | p. 202 |
| PSEE Architecture | p. 203 |
| Cooperation Control | p. 204 |
| Social Aspects | p. 205 |
| Wider Applications | p. 207 |
| Future Trends | p. 210 |
| Evolution of Software Development Practice | p. 210 |
| Technology Evolution | p. 211 |
| Application Domain Evolution | p. 212 |
| Appendix | |
| Lifecycle (Sub) Process Demonstration Scenario (ISPW 9) | p. 217 |
| Background | p. 217 |
| Introduction | p. 217 |
| Problem Reporting and Change Process | p. 218 |
| Sub-scenarios | p. 219 |
| Annotated Bibliography on PSEE/PML | p. 223 |
| PMLs | p. 223 |
| Japanese and American PSEEs | p. 223 |
| European PSEEs | p. 223 |
| Case Study Demonstrating the Wider Applicability of the PSEE Paradigm | p. 227 |
| Introduction | p. 227 |
| Informal Formulation of the Example | p. 227 |
| A Preliminary Discussion of the Example | p. 228 |
| A First Level of Process Modelling | p. 230 |
| A Top-Down LCPS Model for the Example Process | p. 235 |
| Discussion of the Example Process Models | p. 239 |
| Conclusion | p. 243 |
| Assessment Framework for PSEEs | p. 245 |
| Product | p. 246 |
| Activity | p. 248 |
| Workspace | p. 254 |
| Cooperation | p. 257 |
| Process and Meta-process Support | p. 263 |
| Process Tracking and Time Constraints | p. 268 |
| Human and Social Aspects: Costs and Benefits | p. 273 |
| Glossary | p. 277 |
| References | p. 281 |
| Index | p. 305 |
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