Lecture Notes in Computer Science : Scalable Coherent Interface : Architecture and Software for High-Performance Compute Clusters - Hermann Hellwagner

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Lecture Notes in Computer Science

Scalable Coherent Interface : Architecture and Software for High-Performance Compute Clusters

By: Hermann Hellwagner (Editor), Alexander Reinefeld (Editor)

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Paperback | 20 October 1999

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516 Pages

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Scalable Coherent Interface (SCI) is an innovative interconnect standard (ANSI/IEEE Std 1596-1992) addressing the high-performance computing and networking domain. This book describes in depth one specific application of SCI: its use as a high-speed interconnection network (often called a system area network, SAN) for compute clusters built from commodity workstation nodes. The editors and authors, coming from both academia and industry, have been instrumental in the SCI standardization process, the development and deployment of SCI adapter cards, switches, fully integrated clusters, and software systems, and are closely involved in various research projects on this important interconnect. This thoroughly cross-reviewed state-of-the-art survey covers the complete hardware/software spectrum of SCI clusters, from the major concepts of SCI, through SCI hardware, networking, and low-level software issues, various programming models and environments, up to tools and application experiences.

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Non-Fiction Medicine Medicine in General Computing & I.T.Computer Networking & Communications Databases Data Capture & Analysis Computer Hardware Personal Computers Network Hardware Computer Programming & Software Development Software Engineering

Computer Science Computer Architecture & Logic Design Mathematics Calculus & Mathematical Analysis Numerical Analysis

SCI and Competitive Interconnects for Cluster Computing
The SCI Standard and Applications of SCI	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
SCI Overview	p. 4
Background	p. 4
Goals	p. 4
Concepts	p. 6
Discussion	p. 11
The SCI Standard and Some Extensions	p. 11
Logical Layer	p. 12
Cache Coherence Layer	p. 19
Extensions	p. 22
Applications of SCI	p. 23
System Area Network for Clusters	p. 23
Memory Interconnect for Cache-Coherent Multiprocessors	p. 26
I/O Subsystem Interconnect	p. 30
Large-Scale Data Acquisition System	p. 31
Related Communication Networks and Concepts	p. 31
Concluding Remarks	p. 34
A Comparison of Three Gigabit Technologies: SCI, Myrinet and SGI/Cray T3D	p. 39
Introduction	p. 39
Levels of Comparison	p. 40
Direct Deposit	p. 41
Message Passing (MPI/PVM)	p. 42
Protocol Emulation (TCP/IP)	p. 44
Gigabit Network Technologies	p. 45
The Intel 80686 Hardware Platform	p. 46
Myricom Myrinet Technology	p. 47
Dolphin PCI-SCI Technology	p. 48
The SGI/Cray T3D - A Reference Point	p. 48
ATM: QoS - But Still Short of a Gigabit/s	p. 50
Gigabit Ethernet - An Outlook	p. 50
Transfer Modes	p. 51
Overview	p. 51
"Native" and "Alternate" Transfer Modes in the Three Architectures	p. 54
Performance Evaluation	p. 56
Performance of Local Memory Copy	p. 58
Performance of Direct Transfers to Remote Memory	p. 58
Performance of MPI/PVM Transfers	p. 61
Performance of TCP/IP Transfers	p. 64
Discussion and Comparison	p. 65
Summary	p. 67
SCI Hardware
Dolphin SCI Adapter Cards	p. 71
Introduction	p. 71
Overview of the Adapter Cards	p. 71
Operating Modes of the SCI Cards	p. 73
SCI Requester	p. 74
Address Mapping	p. 74
SCI Transaction Handling	p. 75
SCI Packet Requester	p. 77
SCI Responder	p. 78
Mailbox	p. 79
Access Protection	p. 79
Atomic Access	p. 79
Host Bridge Capabilities	p. 80
DMA Transfers	p. 80
DMA Transfers on the SBus Card	p. 80
DMA Transfers on the PCI Card	p. 80
Interrupter	p. 81
Concurrency Issues	p. 81
Write Assembly	p. 81
Efficient Store Barrier	p. 81
Performance	p. 82
Applications and Topologies	p. 82
SAN Interface Adapter	p. 83
Remote I/O Connection and Data Acquisition	p. 83
Switches and Topologies	p. 83
Cluster Software	p. 85
The TUM PCI/SCI Adapter	p. 89
Introduction	p. 89
The PCI/SCI Adapter Architecture	p. 90
SCI Packet Encoding and Decoding	p. 92
Overview of Packet Processing	p. 92
Choosing the Technology	p. 92
Internal Structure of the FPGA	p. 93
Structure of the Packet Manag er as a Microcode Sequencer	p. 95
Microcode Examples	p. 97
Benefits of the Micro Sequencer	p. 98
The SCI Unit	p. 99
Preliminary Results for the PCI/SCI Adapter	p. 99
Related Work	p. 100
Conclusion	p. 100
Interconnection Networks with SCI
Low-Level SCI Protocols and Their Application to Flexible Switches	p. 105
Introduction	p. 105
Data Format of SCI Packets	p. 105
Flow Control	p. 107
Flow Control in Rings	p. 107
Packet Sequence in SCI	p. 108
Determination of State Transitions	p. 109
Bandwidth Multiplexing	p. 110
Bandwidth Management in One Ring	p. 110
Idle Symbols	p. 112
Time-Out Determination	p. 113
Network Interface	p. 113
Requirements	p. 114
Products	p. 114
Routers	p. 115
Requirements	p. 115
Products and Challenges	p. 116
Flexible Router	p. 117
Strip-off Decision	p. 118
Routing Decision and Topology	p. 119
Rule-Based Routing	p. 120
Conclusion and Outlook	p. 121
SCI Rings, Switches, and Networks for Data Acquisition Systems	p. 125
Introduction	p. 125
SCI-based Data Acquisition Systems	p. 126
SCINET Test Beds	p. 127
Measurement Results	p. 129
SCI Switches	p. 134
Efficient Use of SCI Switches	p. 136
Multistage SCI Networks	p. 139
Simulation Results	p. 141
Summary and Conclusions	p. 146
Scalability of SCI Ringlets	p. 151
Do SCI Ringlets Scale in Number of Nodes?	p. 151
Ringlet Bandwidth Model	p. 152
Transaction Formats	p. 152
Packet Generation	p. 155
Address Distribution	p. 155
Locality	p. 156
Bypass Rate	p. 157
Echo Packet Rate	p. 158
Output Link Utilization Factor	p. 160
Scalability Evaluation	p. 160
Common Assumptions	p. 161
Uniform Ringlet Traffic	p. 162
Non-uniform Ringlet Traffic	p. 162
Changing Packet Lengths	p. 163
Discussion	p. 163
Conclusion	p. 165
Affordable Scalability Using Multi-Cubes	p. 167
Introduction	p. 167
Interconnect Overview	p. 168
Methodology	p. 168
Analysis	p. 170
"Hot-Link" Analysis	p. 170
"Hot-B-Link" Analysis	p. 171
Results	p. 172
Conclusions	p. 174
Device Driver Software and Low-Level APIs
Interfacing SCI Device Drivers to Linux	p. 179
Introduction	p. 179
Layers of Functionality	p. 180
Address Spaces	p. 180
Levels of Hardware Abstraction	p. 180
Resource Management	p. 182
Virtual Mapping	p. 183
Robustness	p. 184
Why Linux?	p. 185
Interfaces of the Driver	p. 186
Hardware	p. 186
Linux	p. 187
User Processes	p. 188
SCI Drivers on Other Nodes	p. 188
Conclusions	p. 189
SCI Physical Layer API	p. 191
Introduction	p. 191
Scope of the Standard	p. 192
SCI Physical Layer API Architecture and Features	p. 193
Exception Handling	p. 195
Endianness	p. 195
Supported Data Types	p. 196
Miscellaneous Procedures	p. 196
Address Translation Model	p. 197
Global Object Identifier	p. 199
SCI Global Address Resolution	p. 200
Shared Memory Transactions	p. 200
Packet Transactions	p. 202
Block Transactions	p. 202
Message Passing Transactions	p. 203
Cache Transactions	p. 204
Conclusions	p. 205
Message Passing Libraries
SCI Sockets Library	p. 209
Introduction	p. 209
Rationale	p. 209
Overview	p. 210
Features and Design	p. 210
Features	p. 210
Components	p. 211
Communication via the SSLib	p. 212
Connection Setup	p. 214
Handling Special System Calls	p. 216
Other Calls Intercepted and Handled by the SSLib	p. 218
Out of Band Data	p. 218
Implementation Aspects	p. 218
Communication Among Components	p. 218
SSLib Layers	p. 219
Choice of Most Efficient Communication Mechanism	p. 220
SSLib Implementations	p. 221
Control Transfers	p. 221
Functional Tests and Performance	p. 222
Related Work	p. 224
Conclusions	p. 227
TCP/IP over SCI under Linux	p. 231
Introduction	p. 231
SCIP Structure	p. 232
Packet Driver Interface	p. 232
Hardware Address Resolution	p. 232
Other Implementation Issues	p. 233
Performance	p. 234
Configuration	p. 234
Latency	p. 234
Throughput	p. 235
Conclusion	p. 237
PVM for SCI Clusters	p. 239
Overview	p. 239
Parallel Virtual Machine	p. 239
PVM Implementations	p. 240
Models for Zero-Memory-Copy Data Transfer	p. 241
SCI Communication Model	p. 242
PVM-SCI	p. 243
System Architecture	p. 243
Supporting Multiple Interconnects	p. 245
Reducing Memory Copies	p. 245
Ring Buffer Management	p. 246
Performance Results	p. 247
Conclusions	p. 247
ScaMPI - Design and Implementation	p. 249
Introduction	p. 249
Scali Systems	p. 249
The SCI Memory Model	p. 250
Coordinating Use of Shared Locations	p. 251
Ensuring Safe Data Transport in SCI - Checkpointing	p. 252
Shared Address Space Programming without the Drawbacks	p. 252
ScaMPI Design Goals	p. 253
ScaMPI Implementation	p. 254
Fault Tolerance	p. 254
User Friendliness	p. 256
Third Party Software	p. 256
Performance Results	p. 257
Barrier	p. 258
All-to-All Communication	p. 259
Conclusions	p. 260
Shared Memory Programming Models and Runtime Mechanisms
Shared Memory vs Message Passing on SCI: A CaseStudy Using Split-C	p. 267
Introduction	p. 267
Introduction to Split-C	p. 268
Introduction to Active Messages	p. 269
Message-Passing Implementation	p. 269
Active Messages on Top of SCI	p. 269
Split-C on Top of Active Messages	p. 272
Shared Memory Implementation	p. 273
Split-C on Top of SCI	p. 273
Experimental Evaluation	p. 274
Micro-benchmarks	p. 274
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

Scalable Coherent Interface : Architecture and Software for High-Performance Compute Clusters

At a Glance

Paperback

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How to return your order

Defective items

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