Laser Communications in Space

By: Stephen G. Lambert, William L. Casey

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Hardcover | 1 May 1995

At a Glance

Hardcover
416 Pages

Dimensions(cm)
24.13 x 16.51 x 2.54

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A concise volume exploring the basic fundamentals of modern laser communication systems, this book provides comprehensive information from a system designer's point of view. The book provides a thorough review of history, architectures, design methodologies, optical design guidelines, and tracking and communication processes. It explains exactly how to design a laser communication system and its potential applications.

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Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Transport Technology & Trades Aerospace & Aviation Technology Other Technologies & Applied Sciences Applied Optics Laser Technology & Holography Electronics & Communications Engineering Communications Engineering & Telecommunications Technology in General

Preface	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
Past, Present and Future	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
History	p. 3
Present Ongoing Efforts	p. 7
Future Outlook	p. 8
References	p. 8
Architecture and Applications	p. 11
Why Laser Communications?	p. 11
Architecture	p. 12
Satellite Orbits	p. 13
Laser Communication Applications Overview	p. 18
References	p. 22
Systems Design Methodology	p. 23
Generic System Design	p. 24
End-To-End Link Design	p. 26
Link Establishment	p. 26
Link Maintenance	p. 29
Data Transfer	p. 31
Design Approaches	p. 32
Coherent-Detection Systems	p. 33
Direct-Detection Systems	p. 34
Multiplexing Approaches	p. 35
Design Trade Options	p. 36
Laser Technology Base	p. 36
Detector Technology Base	p. 39
Isolation Technology	p. 46
Beamsteering Technology	p. 48
Acquisition	p. 51
Pointing And Tracking	p. 70
Communication Techniques	p. 82
The Optical Link Equation	p. 94
Transmit Source Power	p. 95
Transmitter Optical Losses	p. 96
Effective Transmit Gain	p. 96
Range Loss	p. 103
Receive Antenna Gain	p. 103
Receiver Optical Losses	p. 103
Receiver Pointing Loss	p. 104
Received Signal Level	p. 104
Required Signal Levels	p. 104
Link Margin	p. 104
Conclusion	p. 105
References	p. 105
Optical Design	p. 107
Optical Crosslink System Overview	p. 107
Pointing Elements	p. 108
Gimbaled Flat	p. 108
Gimbaled Telescope	p. 109
Gimbaled Package	p. 111
Laser Beams	p. 112
Transmitted Wavefront Error	p. 113
Transmitter Gaussian Amplitude Distribution	p. 114
Strehl Ratio	p. 115
Receive Spot Diameter	p. 115
Transmitter Beam Divergence	p. 116
Transmitter Gain	p. 116
Receiver Gain	p. 117
Telescopes	p. 118
Telescope Types	p. 118
Telescope Optical Characterization	p. 121
Off-Axis Stray Light Rejection	p. 122
Diffraction-Limited Telescopes	p. 125
Telescope Materials	p. 125
Telescope Weight	p. 128
Photon Buckets	p. 128
Imaging Optics	p. 129
Signal Routing	p. 130
Point-Ahead	p. 130
Beam Shaping	p. 131
Isolation	p. 131
Power Monitoring	p. 133
Transmitter Interfacing	p. 133
Active Focus	p. 134
Signal Routing	p. 134
Filtering Out Stray Light	p. 134
Receive Viewfield Splitting	p. 136
Detector Interfacing	p. 136
Field Stop Adjustment	p. 136
Beamsteering	p. 137
Boresight Alignment	p. 138
Redundancy and Switching	p. 139
Common Mounting Structure	p. 139
Thermal Control	p. 139
Budget Allocations/Interfaces	p. 140
Alignment Budget	p. 140
Wavefront Quality Budget	p. 140
Transmission Budget	p. 141
Interface Control	p. 142
Weight Budget	p. 142
The Use of Optical Design Programs	p. 143
References	p. 143
The Communication Receiver	p. 145
The Direct-Detection Receive Process	p. 145
Classical Direct Detection--No Optical Preamplification	p. 147
Direct Detection With Optical Preamplification	p. 160
The Coherent-Detection Process	p. 164
LO Intensity Fluctuations	p. 165
Mixing Efficiency	p. 165
Phase and Frequency Noise	p. 166
References	p. 167
The Acquisition Receiver	p. 169
Pulse Detection Acquisition Receivers	p. 169
Noise in the Pulsed Acquisition Process	p. 170
The Pulsed Acquisition Required Signal	p. 173
Tone Acquisition Receivers	p. 174
Tone Acquisition Receiver With Envelope Detection	p. 174
Tone Acquisition Via Phase Locked Loop Techniques	p. 175
Integrating Device Acquisition Receivers	p. 176
Charge-Coupled Device Receivers	p. 176
Charge-Injection Device Receivers	p. 177
Required Signal for Integrating Device Receivers	p. 177
Summary	p. 178
References	p. 178
The Tracking Receiver	p. 179
Governing Requirements	p. 179
Required Signal Development	p. 180
Conventional Quadrant Devices	p. 180
Integrating Devices	p. 184
Required Signal Development (Coherent Tracking)	p. 189
Slope Factor Determination	p. 189
Transition Region Types	p. 191
Slope Factor	p. 192
Summary	p. 194
References	p. 195
Key Technologies	p. 197
Optomechanical Technologies	p. 197
Pointing Element Gimbals	p. 197
Beamsteerers	p. 219
Mechanisms	p. 222
Optical Mounts	p. 224
Laser Technology	p. 228
Required Characteristics for Space Lasers	p. 228
Types of Lasers/Trades	p. 229
Detector Technology	p. 243
Photoconductive Detector Devices	p. 243
Integrating Imaging Devices	p. 248
Utility Detector Devices	p. 249
Summary	p. 250
References	p. 250
Configuring the System	p. 253
Overview	p. 253
The Requirements	p. 254
The Environment	p. 254
Making System Choices	p. 256
Developing a Pointing Budget and Beam Divergence	p. 257
Configuring the Communication Link	p. 258
Data Rate and Modulation	p. 259
Error Rate and Coding	p. 259
Range Between Satellites	p. 260
Transmission Budget	p. 261
Aperture Sizing	p. 261
Receiver Parameters	p. 262
Transmit Source Power	p. 265
Configuring the Track Link	p. 266
The Track-Required SNR	p. 267
Required Signal	p. 269
The Tracking Source Power	p. 270
Communication-Track Link Iteration	p. 271
Configuring the Acquisition Link	p. 272
Uncertainty Area Establishment	p. 272
Acquisition Time and Beam Divergence	p. 272
The Acquisition-Required Signal Criteria	p. 274
Acquisition-Required Signal	p. 275
Acquisition-Required Laser Power	p. 276
Summary	p. 277
Trading RF and Laser Communications for Your System	p. 279
Trade Study Considerations	p. 279
Factor Identification	p. 280
Weight	p. 280
Power	p. 281
Cost	p. 281
Technical Risk	p. 281
Immunity From Threats (Jamming)	p. 284
Nuclear Scintillation Vulnerability	p. 284
Data Rate Growth	p. 284
Low Probability of Intercept	p. 285
Satellite Integration Impacts	p. 285
Sun in the Field of View	p. 285
Reliability/Life	p. 286
Mutual Interference	p. 286
Factor Weighting	p. 287
Candidate Systems for the Example Trade Study	p. 288
The Example Trade	p. 290
References	p. 294
Size, Weight, and Power Trends in Laser Crosslinks	p. 295
Baseline Rationale	p. 295
Current Technology	p. 296
System Requirements	p. 297
Baseline Systems	p. 297
Technology Trends for Projection	p. 299
Trends	p. 302
System 1: A 12-Mbps, Full Duplex Twice-Synchronous-Range Crosslink	p. 302
System 2: A 650-Mbps Geosynchronous to Geosynchronous Crosslink	p. 303
System 3: A 1- to 6-Gbps Low Earth to Geostationary Crosslink	p. 304
System 4: A Short Range 1-Mbps Crosslink	p. 305
System 5: A 1- to 4-Gbps Geosynchronous to Geosynchronous Link	p. 306
Size Projections	p. 306
Summary	p. 307
References	p. 308
Laser Communications Applications	p. 309
Satellite Crosslinks	p. 309
Lower Data Rate, Geosynchroneous to Geosynchronous Crosslinks	p. 310
High-Data-Rate Long-Range Crosslinks	p. 316
Short-Range Crosslinks	p. 322
Satellite to Air/Ground	p. 328
Atmospheric Effects on Laser Signals	p. 328
Satellite To Ground Laser Communications	p. 337
Submarine Laser Communications	p. 344
SLC Background	p. 345
Operational Considerations	p. 346
Technologies	p. 347
Example System Characteristics	p. 354
Deep Space Applications	p. 355
Deep Space Communications Technologies	p. 357
The Galileo Optical Experiment	p. 357
References	p. 359
Useful Formulas	p. 361
Useful Physical Constants	p. 362
Conversions From Optical Power to Current, Photoelectrons/Sec and Photons/Sec	p. 362
Earth and Astronomical Constants	p. 362
Useful Simple Optical Formulas	p. 363
Useful Mathematical Expressions	p. 366
General Factoids	p. 367
Reference List of SPIE Volumes on Laser Communications	p. 368
List of Acronyms	p. 371
About the Authors	p. 375
Index	p. 377
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

Laser Communications in Space

At a Glance

Hardcover

Shipping

How to return your order

Defective items

You Can Find This Book In

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