| Contributors | |
| Preface | |
| Production Data | |
| Collecting Spontaneous Production Data | |
| Introduction | |
| Syntactic Phenomena Investigated | |
| Pro-Drop and Parameter Setting | |
| Functional Categories and Syntactic Structure | |
| Passives, Causatives, and Grammatical Relations | |
| Morphological Paradigms and Learning | |
| Spontaneous Production Data Collection Procedures | |
| Number of Children to Include in a Study | |
| Age Range of the Children and Longitudinal Scope of a Study | |
| Selecting Children for a Study | |
| Frequency and Duration of Recording Sessions | |
| The Recording Situation | |
| Recording Equipment | |
| Transcribing and Tagging Spontaneous Production Data | |
| Getting Ready to Transcribe | |
| The Transcription Process | |
| Tagging (Coding) the Corpus | |
| Disadvantages of Collecting and Using Spontaneous Production Data | |
| Advantages of Collecting and Using Spontaneous Production Data | |
| Conclusion | |
| Note Analyzing Children's Spontaneous Speech | |
| General Issues in Spontaneous Speech Studies | |
| Introduction | |
| Inherent Advantages and Limitations of Spontaneous Speech Studies | |
| Stating the Acquisitional Predictions Entailed by a Theory | |
| Setting Criteria to Be Used in a Study | |
| Testing the Statistical Significance of Acquisitional Findings | |
| Ruling Out Plausible Alternative Accounts | |
| Error Analyses | |
| Errors of Omission and Errors of Commition | |
| Predicted and Observed Errors | |
| When Is an Error Worth Explaining? The Denominator Problem | |
| Statistical Analyses of Error Data | |
| Ruling Out Plausible Alternative Accounts | |
| Patterns of Acquisition | |
| Measures of Acquisition | |
| Testing Acquisitional Ordering and Clustering Predictions | |
| Ruling Out Plausible Alternative Accounts | |
| Summary | |
| Notes What Children Know about What They Say: Elicited Imitation as a Research Method for Assess... | |
| Introduction | |
| Linguistics as a Science | |
| Imitation | |
| Rationale for Elicited Imitation as a Research Method for the Assessment of Syntactic Knowledg... | |
| General Rationale | |
| The Nature of Elicited Imitation Data: Grammatical Factors | |
| History of the Method | |
| Anecdotal Origins | |
| Experimental Development of Elicited Imitation | |
| Overview of the Experimental Method | |
| Aspects of Syntax That Have Been Investigated with Elicited Imitation | |
| Constituent Structure and Phrase Structure | |
| Linear Order | |
| Anaphora | |
| Interaction of Phrase Structure and Anaphora | |
| Strengths of Elicited Imitation | |
| Converging Evidence | |
| Disambiguating Comprehension Data | |
| Linguistic Precision and Control | |
| Statistical Analyses and Scientific Control | |
| Power and Validity | |
| Applicability | |
| Calibration with Other Methods | |
| Advantages of Elicited Imitation | |
| Natural Speech Analyses | |
| Elicited Production | |
| Disadvantages of Elicited Imitation | |
| Complexity of Design Refinement | |
| Analysis of Converging Evidence across Tasks | |
| Relation Between Elicited Imitation Behavior and Competence | |
| Criticisms of Elicited Imitation | |
| Description of the Elicited Imitation Procedure | |
| Description of the Task | |
| Analysis | |
| Instructions for Applying Elicited Imitation as an Experimental Method | |
| Training Subjects | |
| Pitfalls to Avoid in Design | |
| Pitfalls to Avoid in Administration | |
| Pitfalls to Avoid in Transcription | |
| Pitfalls to Avoid in Scoring | |
| Conclusions and Discussion | |
| Notes Elicited Production | |
| Properties of Elicited Production | |
| The Elicited Production Task | |
| Experimental Preliminaries | |
| Felicity Conditions | |
| A Constraint | |
| Wanna Contraction | |
| The Experimental Design | |
| Data Analysis | |
| Limitations of Elicited Production as a Tool for Investigating Constraints | |
| Long-Distance Questions | |
| Experimental Technique | |
| Potential Ask/Tell Problems | |
| Findings | |
| Conclusion | |
| Notes | |
| Comprehension Data | |
| The Intermodal Preferential Looking Paradigm: A Window onto Emerging Language Comprehensio... | |
| Reasons for Studying Language Comprehension | |
| The Intermodal Preferential Looking Paradigm: Rationale and Description | |
| Rationale | |
| Description | |
| Construction of the Video Events | |
| Trials and Intertrial Intervals | |
| Linguistic Stimuli | |
| Independent, Dependent, and Counterbalanced Variables | |
| Additional Experimental Controls | |
| Apparatus and Lighting | |
| Subject Solicitation | |
| Procedure | |
| Subject Loss | |
| Studies Using the Intermodal Preferential Looking Paradigm | |
| Advantages and Disadvantages of the Intermodal Preferential Looking Paradigm | |
| Summary | |
| Note The Picture Selection Task | |
| Uses of the Picture Selection Task | |
| Assessing Children's Semantic Interpretation of Morphosyntactie Contrasts | |
| Assessing the Effects of Morphosyntactic Grammaticality on Children's Sentence Comprehension | |
| Evaluation of the Picture Selection Task | |
| General Considerations When Using the Picture Selection Task | |
| Comparisons of the Two Versions of the Picture Selection Task | |
| Comparison of Picture Selection with Other Comprehension Tasks | |
| Comparison of Picture Selection with Judgment Tasks | |
| Comparison of Picture Selection with Production Tasks | |
| Notes The Act-Out Task | |
| Introduction: The Procedure and Its Uses | |
| Advantages and Disadvantages of the Act-Out Task | |
| Six Advantages | |
| Six Disadvantages | |
| Summary | |
| Parameters of Design | |
| Syntax, Semantics, and Discourse | |
| Act-Out versus Other Tasks | |
| Conclusion | |
| Notes Questions after Stories: On Supplying Context and Eliminating It as a Variable | |
| Introduction | |
| Putting It into Practice: History of the Procedure | |
| Assumptions and Controls | |
| Constructing an Experiment | |
| An Example | |
| More General Procedures | |
| When Is the Method Most Useful? | |
| Pitfalls | |
| Conclusion | |
| Notes On-Line Methods | |
| Introduction | |
| Overview | |
| Neuroimaging | |
| Reaction-Time Measures | |
| Monitoring Tasks | |
| Probe Latency Tasks | |
| Priming Tasks | |
| A Recipe for the Cross-Modal Priming Task | |
| A Subject's Tasks | |
| Experimental Design | |
| Materials | |
| Procedures | |
| Analyses | |
| Hardware and Software | |
| Conclusion | |
| Notes | |
| Judgment Data | |
| The Truth-Value Judgment Task | |
| The Nature and History of the Truth-Value Judgment Task | |
| Design Issues | |
| The Role of Context and Plausible Denial | |
| Choosing a Truth-Value Judgment Task | |
| Construction of the Truth-Value Judgment Task | |
| Training | |
| Context/Preamble | |
| Problems and Pitfalls | |
| Design Issues and Data Analysis | |
| Appropriate Uses for the Truth-Value Judgment Task | |
| Note Eliciting Judgments of Grammaticality and Reference | |
| Background | |
| Procedure | |
| Training and Practice Session | |
| Pretest | |
| Eliciting Judgments of Grammaticality | |
| Eliciting Judgments of Reference | |
| Materials | |
| Subjects | |
| General Considerations | |
| Scoring | |
| Advantages and Disadvantages | |
| Disadvantages | |
| Advantages | |
| Conclusion | |
| Note | |
| General Issues | |
| Crosslinguistic Investigation | |
| Introduction | |
| A Historical Outline | |
| The Theory of Principles and Parameters | |
| Paradigms for Crosslinguistic Studies | |
| Research across Two Languages That Do Not Differ with Respect to the Property Being Investiga... | |
| Research across Two Languages That Differ with Respect to the Property Being Investigated | |
| Requirements | |
| Linguistic Materials | |
| Test Sentences | |
| Filler Sentences | |
| Pretest Sentences | |
| The Experimental List | |
| The Experimental Task | |
| Procedure | |
| Subjects | |
| Scoring and Analysis of Data | |
| Final Thoughts | |
| Notes Assessing Morphosyntax in Clinical Settings | |
| Introduction | |
| Some Characteristics of Children with Language Disorders | |
| Heterogeneity within Clinical Subgroups | |
| Processing Limitations | |
| Gaps between World Knowledge and Language Ability | |
| Inactive and Passive Conversationalists | |
| Examining the Morphosyntax of Children with Language Disorders | |
| Tasks Used in Assessing Morphosyntax in Children with Language Disorders | |
| Comparisons with Normally Developing Children | |
| Interpreting Differences between Normally Developing Children and Children with Language Disord... | |
| The Crosslinguistic Study of Children with Language Disorders | |
| Summary Issues in Designing Research and Evaluating Data Pertaining to Children's Syntactic Knowl... | |
| Introduction | |
| Research Designs: Objectives, Terminology, Classification, and Data Analysis | |
| Between-Subjects Designs | |
| Using Response Patterns to Define Independent Variables in Between-Subjects Designs | |
| Limitations of Designs with Nonmanipulable Independent Variables | |
| Data Analysis Issues | |
| Descriptive versus Inferential Data Analysis Methods | |
| Testing Contrasts and Controlling Type I Error Rates | |
| Parametric versus Nonparametric Analysis-of-Variance Models for a Design with One Between-S...Chi-Square Test of Independence Binomial Test | |
| Methods of Increasing the Statistical Power of Tests of Significance | |
| Within-Subjects Designs: Repeated Measure Designs | |
| Nominal versus Metric Independent Variables Category 1.Category 2 | |
| Some Data Analysis Issues in Repeated Measures Designs | |
| Multifactor Designs | |
| Terminology | |
| Interactions | |
| Estimation and Testing of Interaction Effects | |
| Ordinal and Disordinal Interactions | |
| Higher-Order Interactions | |
| Interaction Effects in Mixed Designs: Possible Research Questions and Design Issues | |
| Reliability, Validity of Causal Inferences, and Generalizability | |
| Reliability Issues | |
| Internal and External Validity Issues | |
| Internal Validity | |
| External Validity | |
| Conclusions | |
| Note | |
| References | |
| Index | |
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