Iron Ore

* List of Contributors* Preface*1: Introduction: overview of the global iron ore industry * Abstract*1.1 Introduction*1.2 Iron ore mining operations by country*1.3 Technology status and challenges*1.4 Iron ore outlook* Part One: Characterization and analysis of iron ore *2: Mineralogical, chemical, and physical characteristics of iron ore * Abstract*2.1 Introduction*2.2 Mineralogy*2.3 Chemical composition*2.4 Physical properties*2.5 Future trends*3: XRD analysis and evaluation of iron ores and sinters * Abstract*3.1 Introduction*3.2 Principles of powder X-ray diffraction*3.3 Rietveld analysis*3.4 Sources of error in XRD analysis*3.5 Applications of cluster analysis*3.6 Applicability of XRD analysis*3.7 Use of mass balancing in iron ore analysis*3.8 The principal minerals and phases*3.9 XRD for the characterization of Iron ores*3.10 XRD in sintering and pelletizing*3.11 Summary and conclusions*4: Automated optical image analysis of natural and sintered iron ore * Abstract*4.1 Introduction: Overview of optical image analysis technique*4.2 Mineralogical characteristics of iron ore and sinter*4.3 Automated optical image analysis (OIA)*4.4 Application of automated OIA to natural and sintered iron ore*5: Quantitative analysis of iron ore using SEM-based technologies * Abstract*5.1 Introduction*5.2 Principles of SEM-based technologies*5.3 Application of automated SEM-based technologies to ore characterization*5.4 Characterization of natural and sintered iron ore using QEMSCAN*5.5 Summary*5.6 Future trends*6: Characterization of iron ore by visible and infrared reflectance and, Raman spectroscopies * Abstract*6.1 Introduction*6.2 Principles of reflectance and Raman spectroscopies*6.3 Technologies*6.4 Reflectance and Raman spectroscopies of iron ore minerals*6.5 Future trends* Part Two: Extraction, comminution, separation, and beneficiation of iron ore *7: Iron ore extraction techniques * Abstract*7.1 Introduction*7.2 Iron ore mining-an historical UK context*7.3 Underground iron ore mining: Kiruna, Sweden*7.4 Modern-day surface mining: the Pilbara deposit*7.5 Modern day surface mining: iron ore in Minas Gerais Province, Brazil*7.6 Conclusions*8: Developments in iron ore comminution and classification technologies * Abstract*8.1 Introduction*8.2 Iron ore crushing and screening*8.3 Iron ore grinding and classification*8.4 Future trends in iron ore comminution and classification*9: Developments in the physical separation of iron ore: magnetic separation * Abstract*9.1 Introduction*9.2 Principle of magnetic separation*9.3 Magnetic separators*9.4 Typical flow sheets for iron ore separation*9.5 Challenges and recent advances in magnetic separation*9.6 Summary*10: Developments in nonmagnetic physical separation technologies for hematitic/goethitic iron ore * Abstract*10.1 Physical processing for enhanced chemical and/or physical properties*10.2 Dense medium separation*10.3 Jigging*10.4 Upflow classification*10.5 Spiraling for iron ore beneficiation*11: Developments in the physiochemical separation of iron ore * Abstract*11.1 Introduction*11.2 Mineral properties*11.3 Iron ore flotation*11.4 Key challenges and future directions*12: Developments in chemical separation of iron ore * Abstract*12.1 Introduction*12.2 Phosphorus removal*12.3 Removal of silicon, aluminum, and sulfur minerals*12.4 Summary and future trends*13: Application of biotechnology in iron ore beneficiation * Abstract* Acknowledgments*13.1 Introduction*13.2 Microbial adhesion to mineral surfaces*13.3 Bioleaching for phosphorus removal from iron ores*13.4 Biobeneficiation of sulfide ores*13.5 Biobeneficiation of iron ore*13.6 Future trends* Part Three: Iron ore agglomeration processes and blast furnace iron-making technology *14: Iron ore sintering * Abstract* Acknowledgments*14.1 Introduction*14.2 Effect of iron ore characteristics on sintering*14.3 Evaluation of iron ore for the sintering process*14.4 Recent developments in iron ore sintering*14.5 Conclusions*15: Iron ore pelletization * Abstract*15.1 Introduction*15.2 Specification requirements of pellet feed*15.3 Green ball formation and properties*15.4 Induration of green pellets*15.5 Quality requirements for fired pellets*15.6 Conclusions*16: Quality requirements of iron ore for iron production * Abstract* Acknowledgments*16.1 Introduction to ironmaking technologies*16.2 Quality requirements of iron ore for the BF ironmaking process*16.3 Quality requirements of iron ore for alternative ironmaking processes*16.4 Summary*17: Recent developments in blast furnace iron-making technology * Abstract*17.1 Introduction*17.2 Blast furnace design and facilities*17.3 Blast furnace process*17.4 Key innovations and future trends* Part Four: Environmental issues and low emission technologies *18: Sintering emissions and their mitigation technologies * Abstract*18.1 Introduction*18.2 CO2 emissions and their mitigation*18.3 SOx emissions and their mitigation*18.4 NOx emissions and their mitigation technologies*18.5 Dioxin emissions and their mitigation*18.6 Dust emissions and their reduction*18.7 Utilization of biomass materials in iron ore sintering*18.8 Conclusions*19: Utilization of biomass as an alternative fuel in ironmaking * Abstract*19.1 Introduction*19.2 Potential applications of biomass-derived materials and impact on net GHG emissions*19.3 Physical and chemical properties of biomass-derived chars to optimize ironmaking operations*19.4 Economic sources of biomass fuel*19.5 Pyrolysis of biomass for ironmaking applications*19.6 Applications in ironmaking*19.7 Future trends*19.8 Sources of further information and advice*20: Life cycle assessment of iron ore mining and processing * Abstract*20.1 Introduction*20.2 Iron ore mining and processing*20.3 Application of LCA to iron ore mining and processing*20.4 Using LCA to reduce energy and GHG impacts*20.5 Conclusions*20.6 Sources of further information and advice* Index