1. Thermodynamic Systems : Definitions - 1
1.1 Interactions of Thermodynamic Systems with their
Surroundings - 1
1.2 Equilibrium - 1
1.3 Thermal Reservoir. Heat Source - 1
1.4 Diathermal and Adiabatic Enclosures - 2
1.5 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics - 2
1.6 Intensive and Extensive Variables. State Functions
and State Variables - 2
1.6.1 Definitions - 2
1.6.2 Fundamental and Auxiliary State Variables or
Functions- 3
1.6.3 Thermal Coefficients - 4
1.7 Change of a State Variable as the Result of a
Thermodynamic Process - 5
1.7.1 General Process - 5
1.7.2 Cyclic Process - 5
1.7.3 Mathematical Characteristics of a State
Function - 6
1.8 Reversible and Irreversible Processes - 7
1.9 Equation of State- 8
2. Work - 9
2.1 Sign Convention for Energy Exchange - 9
2.2 Mechanical Work - 9
2.2.1 Definition- 9
2.2.2 Work and Volume Change - 10
2.2.3 Process at Constant External Pressure - 11
2.2.4 Work during an Isothermal (Reversible) Change
of an Ideal Gas - 11
2.3 Remarks- 12
2.4 Electrical Work - 12
2.5 Various Forms of Energy - 13
2.6 Various Expressions for Work - 13
3. First Law of Thermodynamics- 15
3.1 Introduction - 15
3.2 The Joule Experiment - 15
3.3 Internal Energy. First Law - 15
3.3.1 General Aspects. Expression of the First Law - 15
3.3.2 Closed System - Adiabatic Process - 16
3.3.3 Closed System - General Process. First Law - 16
3.3.4 Closed System - Cyclic Process - 16
3.3.5 Infinitesimal Process - 16
4. Second Law of Thermodynamics - 17
4.1 Kelvin Formulation of the Second Law - 17
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4.2 Carnot Cycle. Heat Engine. Thermodynamic
Temperature- 17
4.3 Entropy. Reversible and Irreversible Processes.
Equilibrium - 19
4.3.1 Definition- 19
4.3.2 The Second Law, Entropy and Spontaneity of
Processes - 20
4.3.3 System in Contact with a Single Thermal
Reservoir - 21
4.3.4 Clausius Inequality- 22
4.3.5 Differential Expression for the Internal Energy
and the Enthalpy of a Closed System - 23
4.3.6 Equilibrium Condition - 24
4.3.7 Thermal Equilibrium - 24
4.3.8 Isothermal (Reversible) Expansion of an Ideal
Gas - 26
4.3.9 Monothermal Irreversible Expansion of an Ideal
Gas - 27
4.3.10 Reversible Adiabatic Process of an Ideal Gas - 29
4.4 Carnot Cycle and Entropy - 30
4.5 Heat Engines, Refrigerators, Heat Pumps - 32
4.5.1 Thermal Machines - 32
4.5.2 Efficiency of an Engine - 32
4.5.3 Performance of a Refrigerator - 33
4.5.4 Performance of a Heat Pump - 34
4.6 Otto Cycle or Beau de Rochas Cycle - 34
4.7 Stirling Cycle - 36
4.8 Diesel Cycle - 38
5. Auxiliary Functions : Enthalpy, Helmholtz Energy, Gibbs Energy - 41
5.1 Introduction - 41
5.2 Closed Systems- 42
5.2.1 Constant Volume Process (Isochoric Process)- 42
5.2.2 Constant Pressure Process (Isobaric Process)- 42
5.2.3 Monobaric Process- 43
5.3 Characteristic Variables. Fundamental Equations.
Open Systems. Systems with Chemical Reactions - 44
5.3.1 Generalities - 44
5.3.2 Internal Energy- 44
5.3.3 Enthalpy - 45
5.3.4 Helmholtz Energy (Helmholtz Function, Free
Energy) - 46
5.3.5 Gibbs Energy (Gibbs Function, Free Enthalpy) - 46
5.3.6 Chemical Potential. Summary- 47
5.4 Maxwell's Relations
