Introduction to world philosophy

Preface: Timeline: Part I: Ethics 1. Ethics in the Philosophical Traditions of India 1.1. Karma and Dharma in Hindu thought 1.1.1. From the Bhagavad Gita 1.2. The Bhakti Movement 1.2.1. Akka Mahadevi 1.2.2. Janabai 1.2.3. Lalla 1.2.4. Mirabai 1.3. Early Buddhism 1.3.1. The Buddha, from The First Sermon 1.3.2. From The Dhammapada 1.4. Songs of the Buddhist Nuns 1.4.1. From Psalms of the Sisters 1.5. Buddhist Virtues 1.5.1. From The Lankavatara Sutra 1.6. Jainism 1.6.1. From the Acaranga Sutra 1.7. The Skepticism and Materialism of Charvaka 1.7.1. From Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha 2. Chinese Ethics 2.1. The Virtue Ethics of Confucius 2.1.1. Confucius, from The Analects 2.2. The Intuitionism of Mencius 2.2.1. From Mencius 2.3. Xunzi's Pessimistic View of Human Nature 2.3.1. Xunzi, from "That the Nature is Evil" 2.4. Confucian and Neo-Confucian Women Writers 2.4.1. Ban Zhao, from Lessons for My Daughters 2.4.2. Ban Zhao, "Traveling Eastward" 2.4.3. Li Qingzhao, from Hou Hsu 2.4.4. Li Qingzhao, from Complete Poems 2.5. The Virtue Ethics of Daoism 2.5.1. Laozi, from Dao-de-Jing 2.6. Daoist Women Writers 2.6.1. Yu Xuanji, from Poems 2.6.2. Sun Bu-er, from Poems 3. Ancient Greek Ethics 3.1. Socrates on Virtue 3.1.1. Plato, from Laches 3.2. Plato's Conception of Virtue 3.2.1. Plato, from the Republic 3.3. Aristotle on Virtue 3.3.1. Aristotle, from Nicomachean Ethics 4. Medieval Christian, Jewish, and Islamic Ethics 4.1. The Ethics of the Fathers 4.1.1. From the Babylonian Talmud 4.2. Augustine on Weakness of Will 4.2.1. Augustine, from Confessions 4.2.2. Augustine, from On the Trinity 4.3. Al-Farabi on Happiness 4.3.1. Al-Farabi, from The Attainment of Happiness 4.4. Maimonides on Happiness and Virtue 4.4.1. Moses Maimonides, from Guide of the Perplexed 4.5. Aquinas on Law and Virtue 4.5.1. St. Thomas Aquinas, from Summa Theologica 4.6. St. Catherine of Siena on the Paradoxes of Wisdom 4.6.1. Letter to Monna Alessa Dei Saracini 4.6.2. Letter to the Venerable Religious Brother Antonio of Nizza, of the Order of the Hermit Brothers of St. Augustine at the Wood of the Lake 4.7. Christine de Pizan's Feminism 4.7.1. Christine de Pizan, from The Treasury of the City of Ladies 4.8. Virtue in St. Teresa of Ávila 4.8.1. St. Teresa of Ávila, from The Ways of Perfection 5. Ethics in Modern Philosophy 5.1. Princess Elizabeth's Critique of Reason in Ethics 5.1.1. Elizabeth to Descartes--The Hague, August 16, 1645 5.1.2. Elizabeth to Descartes--The Hague, September 13, 1645 5.1.3. Elizabeth to Descartes--Riswyck, September 30, 1645 5.1.4. Elizabeth to Descartes--The Hague, April 25, 1646 5.2. Hume's Empiricist Ethics: From Is to Ought 5.2.1. David Hume, from A Treatise of Human Nature 5.3. Kant's Deontology 5.3.1. Immanuel Kant, from Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals 5.4. Madame de Staël on the Passions 5.4.1. Madame de Staël, from Influence of the Passions upon the Happiness of Individuals and of Nations 5.5. Utilitarianism 5.5.1. John Stuart Mill, from Utilitarianism 6. African Ethics 6.1. The Ethiopian Enlightenment 6.1.1. Zera Yacob, from The Treatise of Zera Yacob 6.2. The Communitarian Utilitarianism of the Akan 6.2.1. Kwame Gyekye, from An Essay in African Philosophy: The Akan Conceptual Scheme 6.3. East African Islamic Ethics 6.3.1. Kai Kresse, from Philosophising in Mombasa Part II: Philosophy of Mind and Self 7. The Self in Indian Philosophy 7.1. The Upanishads on a Higher Self 7.1.1. From the Brhadaranyaka Upanishad 7.1.2. From the Chandogya Upanishad 7.1.3. From the Mundaka Upanishad 7.1.4. From the Svetasvatara Upanishad 7.1.5. From the Maitri Upanishad 7.1.6. From the Taittiriya Upanishad 7.1.7. From the Katha Upanishad 7.2. Vedanta, Samkhya, and Yoga: Hindu Paths to Self-Awareness 7.2.1. Shankara, from the Brahmasutra Commentary 7.2.2. Ishvarakrishna, from Verses on the Analysis of Nature (Samkhyakarika) 7.2.3. From The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali 7.3. Indian Buddhism: No-Self, Bundle Self, and Impermanence 7.3.1. From Questions to King Milinda 7.4. Exegesis, Logic, and Materialism: The Everyday Self 7.4.1. Kumarila, from Notes on the Verses 7.4.2. Madhava, from Compendium of Philosophy 7.4.3 From the Nyaya Sutra 7.4.4. Udayana, from Atmatattvaviveka 8. The Self in Chinese Buddhism 8.1. Chinese Buddhism: The Consciousness-Only School 8.1.1. Xuanzang, from The Treatise on the Establishment of the Doctrine of Consciousness-Only 8.2. Tibetan Buddhism: The Self as Transcendent 8.2.1. Yeshe Tsogyal, from Autobiography 8.3. Zen Buddhism: The Self as Empty 8.3.1. From the Heart Sutra 8.3.2. From The Recorded Conversations of Zen Master Yixuan 9. Ancient Greek Philosophy of Mind 9.1. Plato: The Eternal, Tripartite Soul 9.1.1. Plato, from Phaedo 9.1.2. Plato, from Phaedrus 9.2. Aristotle on the Self and Human Function 9.2.1. Aristotle, from De Anima 10. Mind and Body in Early Modern Philosophy 10.1. Descartes's Dualism of Mind and Body 10.1.1. René Descartes, from Meditations on First Philosophy 10.2. Princess Elizabeth's Critique of Descartes's Dualism 10.2.1. Princess Elizabeth, Letter to Descartes--The Hague, May 16, 1643 10.2.2. Princess Elizabeth, Letter to Descartes--The Hague, June 20, 1643 10.2.3. Princess Elizabeth, Letter to Descartes--The Hague, July 1, 1643 10.2.4. Princess Elizabeth, Letter to Descartes--The Hague, April 25, 1646 10.3. Locke on Criteria of Personal Identity 10.3.1. John Locke, from An Essay Concerning Human Understanding 10.4. Hume: The Constructed Self 10.4.1. David Hume, from A Treatise of Human Nature 11. African Philosophy of Mind 11.1. Amo's Critique of Descartes 11.1.1. Anton Wilhelm Amo, from The Apatheia of the Human Mind 11.2. The Akan Conception of Mind and Self 11.2.1. Kwasi Wiredu, from "The Concept of Mind" 11.2.2. N. K. Dzobo, from "The Image of Man in Africa" 11.3. African Perspectives on Personal Identity 11.3.1. Leke Adeofe, from "Personal Identity in African Metaphysics" Part III: Epistemology 12. Indian Theories of Knowledge 12.1. Indian Realism: Nyaya and Vaisheshika 12.1.1. From the Nyaya Sutra, with Commentary by Vatsyayana 12.2. Nagarjuna's Skeptical Regress 12.2.1. Nagarjuna, from Averting the Arguments 12.3. New Logic Responses to Skepticism 12.3.1. Ganghesa, from The Jewel of Thought about Epistemology 13. Chinese Theories of Knowledge 13.1. Daoist Skepticism 13.1.1. From Zhuangzi 13.2. The Empiricism of Wang Chong 13.2.1. Wang Chong, from Balanced Enquiries 14. Ancient Greek Theories of Knowledge 14.1. Plato's Internalism 14.1.1. Plato, from Meno 14.1.2. Plato, from Theaetetus 14.2. Aristotle on Thought and Inference 14.2.1. Aristotle, from On the Soul 14.3. Sextus Empiricus's Skepticism 14.3.1. Sextus Empiricus, from Outlines of Pyrrhonism 15. Jewish, Christian, and Islamic Theories of Knowledge 15.1. The Skepticism of Philo of Alexandria 15.1.1. Philo, from On Drunkenness 15.2. Augustine's Foundationalism 15.2.1. Augustine, from Answer to Skeptics 15.2.2. Augustine, The City of God 15.3. Avicenna (ibn Sina) on Logic and Science 15.3.1. Avicenna, from A Treatise on Logic 15.3.2. Avicenna, from The Book of Healing 15.3.3. Avicenna, from On the Soul 16. Modern Theories of Knowledge 16.1. Descartes's Foundationalism 16.1.1. René Descartes, from Meditations on First Philosophy 16.2. John Locke's Empiricism 16.2.1. John Locke, from Essay Concerning Human Understanding 16.3. Leibniz's Rationalism 16.3.1. G. W. Leibniz, from New Essays Concerning Human Understanding 16.4. Hume's Empiricism 16.4.1. David Hume, from An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding 17. Spanish, Portuguese, and Latin American Theories of Knowledge 17.1. The Skepticism of Francisco Sanches 17.1.1. Francisco Sanches, from That Nothing is Known 17.2. The Contextualism of Unamuno 17.2.1. Miguel de Unamuno, from The Tragic Sense of Life Part IV: Metaphysics 18. Classical Indian Metaphysics 18.1. Classical Realist Ontology 18.1.1. From the Vaisheshika Sutras of Kanada 18.2. Hindu Idealism 18.2.1. Shankara, from the Brahmasutra Commentary 18.3. Buddhist Idealism 18.3.1. Dignaga, from the Investigation of the Object of Awareness 18.4. Jainist Perspectivism 18.4.1. Vadi Devasuri, from Ornament Illuminating the Means and Principles of Awareness 19. Ancient Greek Metaphysics 19.1. Plato's Forms (Universals) 19.1.1. Plato, from Republic 19.2. Aristotle: Categories and Causes 19.2.1. Aristotle, from Categories 19.2.2. Aristotle, from Metaphysics 19.2.3. Aristotle, from Physics 20. Metaphysics in Early Modern Philosophy 20.1. Primary and Secondary Qualities 20.1.1. René Descartes, from Meditations on First Philosophy 20.1.2. John Locke, from An Essay Concerning Human Understanding 20.2. The Idealism of Berkeley and Hume 20.2.1. George Berkeley, from Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous 20.2.2. George Berkeley, from Principles of Human Knowledge 20.2.3. David Hume, from A Treatise of Human Nature 21. Metaphysics in Kant and Post-Kantian Philosophy 21.1. Kant's Copernican Revolution 21.1.1. Immanuel Kant, from Critique of Pure Reason 21.2. Hegel's Historicism 21.2.1. G. W. F. Hegel, from Phenomenology of Mind 21.3. Peirce's Pragmatism 21.3.1. Charles Sanders Peirce, from "How to Make Our Ideas Clear" 21.4. Nietzsche's Perspectivism 21.4.1. Friedrich Nietzsche, from Human, All Too Human 21.4.2. Friedrich Nietzsche, from The Cheerful Science 21.5. Russell's Rejection of Idealism 21.5.1. Bertrand Russell, from Problems of Philosophy 22. Spanish and Latin American Metaphysics 22.1. The Logic of Peter of Spain 22.1.1. Peter of Spain, Tractatus 22.2. The Perspectivism of Ortega y Gasset 22.2.1. José Ortega y Gasset, from The Modern Theme 22.3. The Metaphysical Labyrinths of Jorge Luis Borges 22.3.1. Jorge Luis Borges, from "Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius" Part V: Philosophical Theology 23. Classical Christian Theology 23.1. Augustine 23.1.1. Augustine, from Confessions 23.1.2. Augustine, from Enchiridion 23.2. Anselm's Ontological Arguments 23.2.1. Anselm, from Proslogion 23.3. The Cosmological Arguments of St. Thomas Aquinas 23.3.1. Thomas Aquinas, from Summa Theologica 23.4. The Christian Mysticism of Julian of Norwich 23.4.1. Julian of Norwich, from Revelations of Divine Love 24. Medieval Islamic Theology 24.1. Ibn Sina (Avicenna) on the Existence of God 24.1.1. Avicenna, from On the Nature of God 24.2. Al-Ghazali's Critique of Theology, and Averroes' Defense 24.2.1. Averroes, from The Incoherence of the Incoherence; Al-Ghazali, from The Incoherence of the Philosophers 24.3. Sufi Mysticism 24.3.1. Rabi'a al-'Adawiyya, from Readings from the Mystics of Islam 24.3.2. Zeb-un-Nissa, from Poetry from the Hidden One 25. Modern Theology 25.1. Descartes's Arguments for God's Existence 25.1.1. René Descartes, from Meditations on First Philosophy 25.2. Pascal's Wager 25.2.1. Blaise Pascal, from Thoughts 25.3. Leibniz and the Problem of Evil 25.3.1. G. W. Leibniz, from Theodicy 25.4. Paley's Argument from Design 25.4.1. William Paley, from Natural Theology 25.5. Hume's Counterarguments and Refutations 25.5.1. David Hume, from Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion