About the Authors xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgment xix
Part I Wireless Standards 1
1 Wireless Standards 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Wireless Technology 4
1.2.1 Types of IoT Technologies 4
1.2.2 Type of Networks 6
1.2.3 Wireless Standards for IoT Technologies 8
1.2.3.1 Global Positioning System (GPS) 9
1.2.3.2 Bluetooth 9
1.2.3.3 Cellular 4G/5G 11
1.2.3.4 Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) 12
1.2.3.5 Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) 13
1.2.3.6 Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) 14
1.2.3.7 Sigfox 15
1.2.3.8 Zigbee 16
1.3 Regulatory Requirements 17
1.4 Certification and Type Approval 18
1.5 Regulatory Bodies 20
References 20
Part II Hardware Design 23
2 Receiver Design 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Critical Circuit Blocks 26
2.2.1 Antenna Input and Filter 26
2.2.2 Low Noise Amplifier 27
2.2.3 Mixer 29
2.2.4 IF Stages 30
2.2.5 IF Amplifier 31
2.2.6 Second IF Circuitry 32
2.2.7 IF Detector 32
2.3 System Architectures and Design Considerations 33
2.3.1 Heterodyne Receivers 33
2.3.1.1 Image Frequency 34
2.3.1.2 Image Rejection 35
2.3.1.3 Double-Conversion Receivers 36
2.3.2 Direct Conversion Receiver 37
2.3.2.1 Disadvantages of Direct Conversion Receiver 39
2.3.2.2 Design Examples of Direct Conversion Receiver 40
2.3.3 Image-Reject Receivers 41
2.3.3.1 Image Rejection Architectures 42
2.3.3.2 Complex Polyphase Filters 43
2.3.3.3 Disadvantages of Low-IF Image-Reject Receiver 44
References 45
3 Transmitter Design 47
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Transmitter System and Considerations 48
3.2.1 Oscillator 48
3.2.2 Modulation and Modulators 49
3.2.2.1 Analog Modulation 50
3.2.2.2 Digital Modulation 51
3.2.3 Upconverter 53
3.2.4 Power Amplifier 54
3.2.5 Output Filtering 58
3.2.6 Other Considerations 58
3.3 Transmitter Architectures 60
3.3.1 Direct Conversion 60
3.3.1.1 Simplicity 61
3.3.1.2 Wideband Operation 61
3.3.1.3 Improved Phase Noise Characteristics 61
3.3.1.4 dc Offset 62
3.3.1.5 I/Q Imbalance 62
3.3.1.6 Frequency Pulling 62
3.3.2 Heterodyne Transmitters 63
3.4 Transceiver Architectures 64
3.4.1 Full-Duplex/Half-Duplex Architecture 64
3.4.2 Simplex Architecture 65
3.4.3 Transmitter Example 66
3.4.4 Transceiver Example 69
References 73
4 Software-Defined Radio 75
4.1 Introduction 75
4.2 A New Radio 76
4.3 Concepts and Architecture 77
4.3.1 Direct Synthesis 77
4.3.2 Building Blocks 80
4.3.2.1 Antenna 80
4.3.2.2 RF Front-end 81
4.3.2.3 Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog Conversion 82
4.3.2.4 Digital Front-end 83
4.3.2.5 Signal Processing 84
4.4 Design Example 85
References 90
5 Antennas for Handheld Wireless Devices 93
5.1 Introduction 93
5.2 Antenna Fundamentals 94
5.2.1 Source of Radiation 95
5.2.2 Characteristic of Radiation 96
5.3 Parameters and Specifications 97
5.3.1 Radiation Resistance 97
5.3.2 Efficiency 98
5.3.3 Directivity 98
5.3.4 Polarization 98
5.3.5 Antenna Gain 99
5.3.6 Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) 99
5.4 Types of Antenna and Performance 100
5.4.1 Basic Antennas 100
5.4.1.1 Dipole 100
5.4.1.2 Monopole 100
5.4.1.3 Loop Antenna 101
5.4.1.4 Patch Antenna 102
5.4.2 Miniature Antennas 103
5.4.2.1 Chip Antenna 103
5.4.2.2 Inverted-L Antenna 105
5.4.2.3 Inverted-F Antenna 106
5.4.2.4 Meandered Line Antennas 107
5.4.3 Antenna Array 107
5.5 Practical Design Considerations for Handheld Wireless Devices 110
References 111
6 PCB Design for Wireless Devices 113
6.1 Introduction 113
6.2 RF PCB Design Fundamentals 114
6.2.1 Layer Stack-up Assignment 114
6.2.2 Component Placement 117
6.2.3 Grounding Methods and Techniques 118
6.2.4 Power Plane 122
6.2.5 Bypassing and Decoupling 123
6.3 PCB Design for Other Circuits 126
6.3.1 IF Circuits 126
6.3.2 Baseband Circuits 126
6.3.3 Audio Circuits 127
6.3.4 Power Supplies 127
References 128
Part III Software Design 129
7 Embedded Software Development 131
7.1 Introduction 131
7.2 Embedded System and Devices 132
7.3 Design Flow of Application Software of Embedded Systems 133
7.3.1 Understand the Requirements 133
7.3.2 System Architecture Definition 134
7.3.2.1 Choice of Architecture Style 134
7.3.2.2 Event-Driven Architecture 134
7.3.2.3 Component-Based Architecture 135
7.3.2.4 Real-Time Architecture 136
7.3.2.5 Hierarchical Architecture 136
7.3.2.6 Layered Architecture 138
7.4 Software Architecture Design Example 140
7.4.1 High-Level Block Diagram 140
7.4.2 Tracking Watch for Construction Worker Safety and Productivity 141
7.4.3 Defining the Subsystems 142
7.4.4 Designing the Hardware of the Tracking Watch 143
7.4.5 Interfacing Requirements 144
7.4.6 Timing Requirements 145
7.4.7 Software Design Strategies 145
7.5 State Machine Versus Real-Time Operating System 146
7.6 Selection of MCU or SoC 147
References 149
8 Embedded Software Optimization 151
8.1 Introduction 151
8.2 Software Optimization 152
8.2.1 Benchmarking of an Embedded System 154
8.2.2 Optimizing Memory Management 155
8.2.2.1 Minimizing Memory Access Latency 156
8.2.2.2 Speeding Up Memory Access for Critical Tasks 156
8.2.2.3 SDRAM, SRAM, or DDR 156
8.2.2.4 Bridging the Performance Gap Between SDRAM and SRAM 157
8.2.2.5 Tightly-Coupled Memory 158
8.2.3 Optimizing Data Structure 158
8.2.4 Minimizing Power Consumption 160
8.2.4.1 Low-Power Mode 161
8.2.4.2 Watchdog Timer 161
8.2.5 Leveraging Hardware Accelerator 162
8.2.5.1 Filter Accelerators 163
8.2.5.2 Network Processors 164
8.2.5.3 Floating-Point Units 164
8.2.5.4 Fast Fourier Transform Accelerators 165
8.2.5.5 Fixed-Point Accelerators 165
8.2.5.6 Multicore Accelerators 166
8.3 Programming Languages 166
8.4 Development Tools 167
8.5 Debugging Tools 169
8.6 Embedded Software Testing Strategies 170
References 172
9 Server Software Development 175
9.1 Introduction 175
9.2 Website Development 176
9.3 Back-end Development 176
9.3.1 Typical Web Servers 176
9.3.2 Apache Versus Nginx 177
9.3.3 XAMPP Server 178
9.3.4 Database 179
9.3.5 Database Infrastructure 179
9.3.6 Difference Between SQL and MySQL 180
9.3.7 MySQL Security Improvement 181
9.3.8 Some Web Application Vulnerabilities 181
9.3.8.1 SQL Injection 181
9.3.8.2 Parameterized Query (Prepared Statement) 182
9.3.8.3 String Escaping 182
9.3.8.4 DDoS Attacks 183
9.3.8.5 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 183
9.3.9 Limitations 183
9.4 Front-end Design 184
9.4.1 Building Dynamic Web Interface by HTML, CSS, and JavaScript 184
9.4.2 Cascading Style Sheets 184
9.4.3 JavaScript 186
9.4.4 The Rise of Frameworks 188
9.4.5 Dynamic Presentation Using AJAX 188
9.4.5.1 Asynchronous JavaScript and Extensible Markup Language (AJAX) 188
9.4.5.2 JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) 189
9.4.5.3 AJAX Call in jQuery 190
9.5 Responsive Web Design Using Bootstrap 192
9.5.1 Bootstrap 193
9.6 Network Security 194
9.6.1 Device Security 194
9.6.2 Data Content Security 194
9.6.2.1 Symmetric Encryption (Private Key Encryption) 196
9.6.2.2 Asymmetric Encryption (Public Key Encryption) 196
9.6.3 Operational Behavior Safety 196
References 196
10 Smartphone Application Software Development 199
10.1 Introduction 199
10.2 Smartphone Application Development 199
10.3 Tools for Application Software Development 200
10.4 Android Studio 200
10.4.1 Android Programming on Simple TCP Client 201
10.4.2 Explanation of the Code 201
10.4.3 Python Code for Echo Server 208
10.5 React Native 210
10.5.1 React Native Programming on MQTT Client 211
10.5.2 Explanation of the Code 212
10.5.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of React Native 216
10.6 Flutter 218
10.6.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Flutter and React Native 218
10.7 Swift 219
10.7.1 Xcode 219
10.7.2 Development Environment 219
10.7.3 Xcode Programming on Simple TCP Client 220
10.8 Other Development Considerations 223
References 225
Part IV Putting into Practice 227
11 Practical Design Examples in Modern Wireless System Design 229
11.1 Introduction 229
11.2 IoT Technologies for Smart Cities 230
11.3 Smart Lamp Post 231
11.3.1 Hardware Design 233
11.3.2 Firmware Design 236
11.3.3 Webserver Design 236
11.3.4 Webpage Design 237
11.4 Smart RFID System 238
11.4.1 Hardware Design 240
11.4.1.1 Passive RFID Tag Design 240
11.4.1.2 Smart Antenna 249
11.4.2 AI Design 253
11.4.3 Indoor Localization 253
11.4.4 AI Algorithm 254
11.4.5 Localization Testing and Verification 256
References 263
12 Future Trends 265
12.1 Introduction 265
12.2 Distributed System 266
12.2.1 Distributed Computing 267
12.2.2 Software for Distributed Systems 267
12.2.2.1 Middleware 267
12.2.2.2 Distributed File Systems 267
12.2.2.3 Distributed Databases 267
12.2.2.4 Distributed Computing Frameworks 268
12.2.2.5 Orchestration Tools 268
12.2.3 Examples of Distributed Applications in Industry 268
12.3 Cloud Computing 268
12.3.1 Typical Cloud Server 269
12.3.1.1 Infrastructure-as-a-Service 270
12.3.1.2 Platform-as-a-Service 270
12.3.1.3 Software-as-a-Service 270
12.4 Role of Cloud Computing in IoT 270
12.5 Blockchain 271
12.5.1 Technology Highlights 272
12.5.2 Structure of a Block 273
12.5.3 Leverage Blockchain Technology for IoT Devices 273
12.6 Artificial Intelligence 275
12.6.1 Machine learning, Deep Learning, and Artificial Intelligence 275
12.6.2 Machine Learning 276
12.6.3 Machine Learning Algorithms 277
12.6.4 Deep Learning 277
12.6.4.1 Convolutional Neural Networks 278
12.6.4.2 Long Short-Term Memory 279
12.6.5 Other Mainstream AI Algorithms 280
12.6.5.1 Transformers 280
12.6.5.2 Explainable AI (XAI) 281
12.6.5.3 Federated Learning 281
12.6.5.4 Continual Learning 281
12.6.5.5 Hybrid Architectures 281
12.7 Edge Computing 283
References 284
Index 287
