Introduction to Superconductivity

v. 1

By: MICHAEL TINKHAM

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Paperback | 14 June 2004 | Edition Number 2

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480 Pages

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Revised

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23.5 x 15.5 x 233

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Well known for its accessibility to graduate students and experimental physicists, this volume emphasizes physical arguments and minimizes theoretical formalism. The second edition of this classic text features revisions by the author that improve its user-friendly qualities, and an introductory survey of latter-day developments in classic superconductivity enhances the volume's value as a reference for researchers. Starting with a historical overview, the text proceeds with an introduction to the electrodynamics of superconductors and presents expositions of the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory and the Ginzburg-Landau theory. Additional subjects include magnetic properties of classic type II superconductors; the Josephson effect (both in terms of basic phenomena and applications and of the phenomena unique to small junctions); fluctuation effects in classic superconductors; the high-temperature superconductors; special topics (such as the Bogoliubov method, magnetic perturbations and gapless superconductivity, and time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau theory); and nonequilibrium superconductivity. 1996 edition.

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Non-Fiction Science Physics Engineering & Technology Electronics & Communications Engineering Electronics Engineering Electronic Devices & Materials Semi-Conductors & Super-Conductors Science in General

Preface	p. xiii
Suggestions for Using This Book	p. xvii
Preface to the First Edition	p. xix
Historical Overview	p. 1
The Basic Phenomena	p. 2
The London Equations	p. 4
The Pippard Nonlocal Electrodynamics	p. 6
The Energy Gap and the BCS Theory	p. 8
The Ginzburg-Landau Theory	p. 9
Type II Superconductors	p. 11
Phase, Josephson Tunneling, and Fluxoid Quantization	p. 13
Fluctuations and Nonequilibrium Effects	p. 15
High-Temperature Superconductivity	p. 16
Introduction to Electrodynamics of Superconductors	p. 17
The London Equations	p. 18
Screening of a Static Magnetic Field	p. 19
Flat Slab in Parallel Magnetic Field	p. 20
Critical Current of Wire	p. 21
Type I Superconductors in Strong Magnetic Fields: The Intermediate State	p. 22
Nonzero Demagnetizing Factor	p. 24
Intermediate State in a Flat Slab	p. 25
Intermediate State of a Sphere	p. 31
Intermediate State above Critical Current of a Superconducting Wire	p. 32
High-Frequency Electrodynamics	p. 37
Complex Conductivity in Two-Fluid Approximation	p. 37
High-Frequency Dissipation in Superconductors	p. 39
The BCS Theory	p. 43
Cooper Pairs	p. 44
Origin of the Attractive Interaction	p. 46
The BCS Ground State	p. 48
Variational Method	p. 53
Determination of the Coefficients	p. 53
Evaluation of Ground-State Energy	p. 57
Isotope Effect	p. 58
Solution by Canonical Transformation	p. 59
Excitation Energies and the Energy Gap	p. 61
Finite Temperatures	p. 62
Determination of T[subscript c]	p. 62
Temperature Dependence of the Gap	p. 63
Thermodynamic Quantities	p. 64
State Functions and the Density of States	p. 67
Density of States	p. 70
Electron Tunneling	p. 71
The Semiconductor Model	p. 73
Normal-Normal Tunneling	p. 75
Normal-Superconductor Tunneling	p. 75
Superconductor-Superconductor Tunneling	p. 77
Phonon Structure	p. 78
Transition Probabilities and Coherence Effects	p. 79
Ultrasonic Attenuation	p. 82
Nuclear Relaxation	p. 84
Electromagnetic Absorption	p. 86
Electrodynamics	p. 89
Calculation of K(0, T) or [lambda subscript L](T)	p. 91
Calculation of K(q, 0)	p. 93
Nonlocal Electrodynamics in Coordinate Space	p. 94
Effect of Impurities	p. 96
Complex Conductivity	p. 97
The Penetration Depth	p. 100
Preliminary Estimate of [lambda] for Nonlocal Case	p. 100
Solution by Fourier Analysis	p. 101
Temperature Dependence of [lambda]	p. 103
Penetration Depth in Thin Films: [lambda subscript eff] and [lambda subscript perpendicular, bottom]	p. 104
Measurement of [lambda]	p. 106
Concluding Summary	p. 108
Ginzburg-Landau Theory	p. 110
The Ginzburg-Landau Free Energy	p. 111
The Ginzburg-Landau Differential Equations	p. 117
The Ginzburg-Landau Coherence Length	p. 118
Calculations of the Domain-Wall Energy Parameter	p. 120
Critical Current of a Thin Wire or Film	p. 123
Fluxoid Quantization and the Little-Parks Experiment	p. 127
The Fluxoid	p. 127
The Little-Parks Experiment	p. 128
Parallel Critical Field of Thin Flims	p. 130
Thicker Films	p. 131
The Linearized GL Equation	p. 132
Nucleation in Bulk Samples: H[subscript c2]	p. 134
Nucleation at Surfaces: H[subscript c3]	p. 135
Nucleation in Films and Foils	p. 139
Angular Dependence of the Critical Field of Thin Films	p. 139
Nucleation in Films of Intermediate Thickness	p. 141
The Abrikosov Vortex State at H[subscript c2]	p. 143
Magnetic Properties of Classic Type II Superconductors	p. 148
Behavior Near H[subscript c1]: The Structure of an Isolated Vortex	p. 149
The High-[kappa] Approximation	p. 151
Vortex-Line Energy	p. 153
Interaction between Vortex Lines	p. 154
Magnetization Curves	p. 155
Low Flux Density	p. 156
Intermediate Flux Densities	p. 157
Regime Near H[subscript c2]	p. 160
Flux Pinning, Creep, and Flow	p. 162
Flux Flow	p. 166
The Bardeen-Stephen Model	p. 167
Onset of Resistance in a Wire	p. 171
Experimental Verification of Flux Flow	p. 173
Concluding Remarks on Flux Flow	p. 175
The Critical-State Model	p. 176
Thermally Activated Flux Creep	p. 179
Anderson-Kim Flux-Creep Theory	p. 180
Thermal Instability	p. 186
Superconducting Magnets for Time-Varying Fields	p. 187
Flux Jumps	p. 188
Twisted Composite Conductors	p. 190
Josephson Effect I: Basic Phenomena and Applications	p. 196
Introduction	p. 196
The Josephson Critical Current	p. 198
Short One-Dimensional Metallic Weak Links	p. 198
Other Weak Links	p. 200
Gauge-Invariant Phase	p. 202
The RCSJ Model	p. 202
Definition of the Model	p. 202
I-V Characteristics at T=0	p. 205
Effects of Thermal Fluctuations	p. 207
rf-Driven Junctions	p. 211
Josephson Effect in Presence of Magnetic Flux	p. 213
The Basic Principle of Quantum Interference	p. 213
Extended Junctions	p. 215
Time-Dependent Solutions	p. 221
SQUID Devices	p. 224
The dc SQUID	p. 225
The rf SQUID	p. 229
SQUID Applications	p. 232
Arrays of Josephson Junctions	p. 234
Arrays in Zero Magnetic Field	p. 236
Arrays in Uniform Magnetic Field	p. 239
Arrays in rf Fields: Giant Shapiro Steps	p. 242
S-I-S Detectors and Mixers	p. 243
S-I-S Detectors	p. 244
S-I-S Mixers	p. 246
Josephson Effect II: Phenomena Unique to Small Junctions	p. 248
Introduction	p. 248
Damping Effect of Lead Impedance	p. 249
Effect on Retrapping Current	p. 250
The Phase Diffusion Branch	p. 252
Quantum Consequences of Small Capacitance	p. 256
Particle Number Eigenstates	p. 258
Macroscopic Quantum Tunneling	p. 259
Introduction to Single Electron Tunneling: The Coulomb Blockade and Staircase	p. 264
Energy and Charging Relations in Quasi-Equilibrium	p. 266
Zero Bias Circuit with Normal Island	p. 267
Even-Odd Number Parity Effect with Superconducting Island	p. 269
Zero Bias Supercurrents with Superconducting Island and Leads	p. 274
Double-Junction Circuit with Finite Bias Voltage	p. 278
Orthodox Theory and Determination of the I-V Curve	p. 280
The Special Case R[subscript 2] [double greater-than sign] R[subscript 1]	p. 281
Cotunneling or Macroscopic Quantum Tunneling of Charge	p. 284
Superconducting Island with Finite Bias Voltage	p. 284
Fluctuation Effects in Classic Superconductors	p. 287
Appearance of Resistance in a Thin Superconducting Wire	p. 288
Appearance of Resistance in a Thin Superconducting Film: The Kosterlitz-Thouless Transition	p. 294
Superconductivity above T[subscript c] in Zero-Dimensional Systems	p. 296
Spatial Variation of Fluctuations	p. 298
Fluctuation Diamagnetism above T[subscript c]	p. 302
Diamagnetism in Two-Dimensional Systems	p. 307
Time Dependence of Fluctuations	p. 308
Fluctuation-Enhanced Conductivity above T[subscript c]	p. 309
Three Dimensions	p. 311
Two Dimensions	p. 311
One Dimension	p. 312
Anomalous Contributions to Fluctuation Conductivity	p. 313
High-Frequency Conductivity	p. 314
The High-Temperature Superconductors	p. 316
Introduction	p. 316
The Lawrence-Doniach Model	p. 318
The Anisotropic Ginzburg-Landau Limit	p. 319
Crossover to Two-Dimensional Behavior	p. 322
Discussion	p. 323
Magnetization of Layered Superconductors	p. 326
The Anisotropic Ginzburg-Landau Regime	p. 326
The Lock-In Transition	p. 330
Flux Motion and the Resistive Transition: An Initial Overview	p. 331
The Melting Transition	p. 334
A Simple Model Calculation	p. 335
Experimental Evidence	p. 338
Two-Dimensional vs. Three-Dimensional Melting	p. 342
The Effect of Pinning	p. 345
Pinning Mechanisms in HTSC	p. 345
Larkin-Ovchinnikov Theory of Collective Pinning	p. 348
Giant Flux Creep in the Collective Pinning Model	p. 353
The Vortex-Glass Model	p. 356
Correlated Disorder and the Boson Glass Model	p. 361
Granular High-Temperature Superconductors	p. 363
Effective Medium Parameters	p. 364
Relationship between Granular and Continuum Models	p. 368
The "Brick-Wall" Model	p. 369
Fluxons and High-Frequency Losses	p. 370
Anomalous Properties of High-Temperature and Exotic Superconductors	p. 373
Unconventional Pairing	p. 375
Pairing Symmetry and Flux Quantization	p. 376
The Energy Gap	p. 378
Heavy Fermion Superconductors	p. 382
Special Topics	p. 384
The Bogoliubov Method: Generalized Self-Consistent Field	p. 384
Dirty Superconductors	p. 386
Uniform Current in Pure Superconductors	p. 387
Excitations in Vortex	p. 388
Magnetic Perturbations and Gapless Superconductivity	p. 390
Depression of T[subscript c] by Magnetic Perturbations	p. 391
Density of States	p. 394
Time-Dependent Ginzburg-Landau Theory	p. 399
Electron-Phonon Relaxation	p. 401
Nonequilibrium Superconductivity	p. 403
Introduction	p. 403
Quasi-Particle Disequilibrium	p. 404
Energy-Mode vs. Charge-Mode Disequilibrium	p. 405
Relaxation Times	p. 407
Energy-Mode Disequilibrium: Steady-State Enhancement of Superconductivity	p. 408
Enhancement by Microwaves	p. 409
Enhancement by Extraction of Quasi-Particles	p. 410
Energy-Mode Disequilibrium: Dynamic Nonequilibrium Effects	p. 412
GL Equation for Time-Dependent Gap	p. 412
Transient Superconductivity above I[subscript c]	p. 414
Dynamic Enhancement in Metallic Weak Links	p. 417
Charge-Mode Disequilibrium: Steady-State Regimes	p. 421
Andreev Reflection	p. 423
Subharmonic Energy Gap Structure	p. 425
Time-Dependent Charge-Mode Disequilibrium: Phase-Slip Centers	p. 427
Units	p. 433
Notation and Conventions	p. 435
Exact Solution for Penetration Depth by Fourier Analysis	p. 437
Bibliography	p. 442
Index	p. 445
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Introduction to Superconductivity

v. 1

At a Glance

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