Introduction to Sensor Systems

By: S.A. Hovanessian

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Hardcover | 1 October 1988

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320 Pages

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24.77 x 16.51 x 1.91

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Preface	p. xi
Acknowledgements	p. xv
Introduction to Sensor Systems	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Sensor System Frequencies	p. 4
Atmospheric Attenuation	p. 6
Angular Resolution Considerations	p. 9
Microwave Radar Systems	p. 11
Detection Range Calculations	p. 14
Tracking Radar Computation	p. 15
An Interesting Radar Application	p. 17
Millimeter-Wave Radar Systems	p. 17
Ground Clutter Radar Cross Section	p. 19
Rain Backscattering RCS	p. 21
Signal Levels and Detection	p. 22
Computational Procedure	p. 22
Electro-Optical Thermal Imagers	p. 24
Performance Calculations	p. 26
Numerical Example of MRT Calculation	p. 28
A Typical Thermal Imager Picture	p. 30
Laser Radar Systems	p. 30
Performance Calculations	p. 31
Laser Radar Receivers	p. 33
Numerical Example	p. 34
Laser Radar Application	p. 36
Examples of Sensor Systems	p. 37
Comparison Of Microwave and Electro-Optical Systems	p. 46
Discussion	p. 50
References	p. 53
Microwave Radar Systems	p. 55
Introduction	p. 55
Pulsed Radars	p. 56
Example: Pulsed Radar	p. 58
Discussion: Pulsed Radar	p. 58
Pulsed Doppler Radars	p. 60
Range Measurement	p. 61
Detection in Clutter and Ground Returns	p. 68
Comparison of Pulsed and Pulsed Doppler Radars	p. 71
Frequency Domain Representations	p. 72
Medium PRF Radars	p. 74
Radar Signal Processing	p. 81
Digital Signal Processing	p. 82
Radar S/N Ratio Equation	p. 89
Other Forms of the Radar Equation	p. 92
Integration of Returned Pulses	p. 92
Search Radars	p. 93
Tracking Radars	p. 95
Sequential Lobing and Conical Scan Tracking	p. 96
Monopulse Tracking	p. 96
Track-while-Scan Radars	p. 99
Measurement and Tracking Accuracy	p. 102
Design Example	p. 105
Ground-Based Low PRF Radar	p. 105
Pulsed Doppler Radar	p. 108
Antenna Gain Pattern and Electronic Scan	p. 110
Antenna Gain Pattern	p. 110
Electronic Scan Antennas	p. 114
Probability of Detection and S/N Ratio	p. 116
Types of Radar Target Returns	p. 117
Probability of Detection	p. 117
False Alarm Rate	p. 119
Numerical Example	p. 121
Summary	p. 122
References	p. 123
Synthetic Array and Imaging Radars	p. 125
Introduction	p. 125
Imaging Radars	p. 126
X Direction Resolution	p. 130
Digital Pulse Compression	p. 131
Y Direction Resolution	p. 132
Signal Processing of SAR Data	p. 136
Doppler Signal Processing	p. 136
Digital Signal Processing	p. 139
Resolution Limits of SAR Systems	p. 141
S/N Ratio and Power Requirements	p. 143
Mechanization Block Diagram	p. 144
Summary	p. 146
References	p. 148
Millimeter-Wave Radar Systems	p. 149
Detection of Ground Targets	p. 150
Atmospheric Attenuation	p. 152
Computational Procedure	p. 154
Numerical Examples: Stationary Ground Targets	p. 155
Numerical Results	p. 156
Detection of Hovering Helicopters Against a Hilly Background	p. 158
Numerical Results	p. 161
Discussion of Nonmoving Target Detection	p. 163
Detection of Wires and Poles by MMW Radars	p. 164
Radar Cross Section of Wires	p. 164
Radar Cross Section of Poles	p. 166
Radar Detection Ranges of Obstacles	p. 167
Atmospheric Attenuation and Rain Backscattering	p. 168
Detection Range Calculations	p. 169
Nonperpendicular to Wire Detection Ranges	p. 170
Wooden Pole Detection Ranges	p. 171
Metallic Pole Detection Ranges	p. 172
Summary	p. 173
References	p. 174
Thermal Imaging Systems	p. 175
Introduction	p. 176
E2ample of an S/N Calculation	p. 180
Noise Equivalent Flux Density	p. 183
Spectral Emittance of a Target	p. 183
Noise Equivalent Temperature	p. 186
Minimum Resolvable Temperature	p. 189
Image Quality Considerations	p. 193
Numerical Example of MRT Calculation	p. 194
Atmospheric Loss Considerations	p. 197
Computer Program	p. 201
Infrared Search and Tracking Systems	p. 203
False Alarm Rate and Threshold Setting	p. 205
Radiation Intensity of a Target	p. 207
Numerical Example	p. 209
Atmospheric Attenuation	p. 211
Mechanization Procedure in IRST Systems	p. 212
Detector Characteristics	p. 213
Thematic Imaging	p. 214
Summary	p. 217
References	p. 217
Lasar Radar Systems	p. 219
Introduction	p. 220
Performance Calculations	p. 221
Laser Beam Larger than Target	p. 223
Floodlight Laser Radar Systems	p. 224
Laser Radar Receivers	p. 225
Probability of Detection: Glint Targets	p. 229
Probability of Detection: Speckled Targets	p. 230
Probability of False Alarm and Time Between False Alarms	p. 232
Lasar Radar Measurements	p. 235
Numerical Example	p. 236
S/N Ratio Computations	p. 238
Ground Backscattering and Interference Signals	p. 242
Numerical Example: Spaceborne Laser Radar System	p. 247
References	p. 250
Multiple Sensor Tracking and Data Fusion	p. 251
Introduction	p. 252
Data Association	p. 253
Data Association Methodology	p. 254
Data Association for Multiple Sensor Systems	p. 255
Level of Data Association: Central Level versus Sensor Level Tracking	p. 256
Position Filtering and Prediction	p. 258
Kalman versus Suboptimal Filtering	p. 259
Passive (Angle-Only) Sensor Tracking	p. 259
Combining Active and Passive Sensor Data	p. 260
Fusion of Multiple Sensor Attribute and Target Type Data	p. 260
Possibility Theory	p. 263
Bayesian Approach	p. 263
Dempster-Shafer Evidential Reasoning	p. 265
Distributed Sensor Systems	p. 267
Example Approaches	p. 268
Combining Passive (Angle-Only) Tracks	p. 269
Sensor Allocation	p. 271
Utility Theory Based Allocation	p. 272
Sensor Allocation Based on Expert Systems	p. 273
Other Issues	p. 274
Summary	p. 275
References	p. 276
Multiple-Sensor Effectiveness and the Expert Matrix Method	p. 279
Introduction	p. 280
Sensors	p. 281
Effectiveness Evaluation, Existing Methodology	p. 283
Expert Matrix Method	p. 284
Theoretical Background	p. 284
Numerical Example	p. 287
Weight, Volume, and Cost	p. 291
Relative Wieghts Method	p. 293
Theoretical Background	p. 294
Example: the Wealth of Nations	p. 295
Ranking Sensor Systems	p. 297
Chapter Summary	p. 298
References	p. 298
Index	p. 299
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

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