Introduction to Networks Course Booklet (CCNAv7)

Introduction xxxi
Chapter 1 Networking Today 1
Introduction - 1.0 1
Why should I take this module? - 1.0.1 1
What will I learn to do in this module? - 1.0.2 1
Networks Affect our Lives - 1.1 2
Networks Connect Us - 1.1.1 2
Video - The Cisco Networking Academy Learning Experience - 1.1.2 2
No Boundaries - 1.1.3 2
Network Components - 1.2 2
Host Roles - 1.2.1 2
Peer-to-Peer - 1.2.2 3
End Devices - 1.2.3 3
Intermediary Devices - 1.2.4 4
Network Media - 1.2.5 4
Check Your Understanding - Network Components - 1.2.6 4
Network Representations and Topologies - 1.3 4
Network Representations - 1.3.1 4
Topology Diagrams - 1.3.2 5
Physical Topology Diagrams 5
Logical Topology Diagrams 5
Check Your Understanding - Network Representations and Topologies - 1.3.3 5
Common Types of Networks - 1.4 5
Networks of Many Sizes - 1.4.1 5
Small Home Networks 6
Small Office and Home Office Networks 6
Medium to Large Networks 6
World Wide Networks 6
LANs and WANs - 1.4.2 6
LANs 7
WANs 7
The Internet - 1.4.3 7
Intranets and Extranets - 1.4.4 8
Check Your Understanding - Common Types of Networks - 1.4.5 8
Internet Connections - 1.5 8
Internet Access Technologies - 1.5.1 8
Home and Small Office Internet Connections - 1.5.2 8
Businesses Internet Connections - 1.5.3 9
The Converging Network - 1.5.4 9
Traditional Separate Networks 9
Converged Networks 10
Video - Download and Install Packet Tracer - 1.5.5 10
Video - Getting Started in Cisco Packet Tracer - 1.5.6 11
Packet Tracer - Network Representation - 1.5.7 11
Reliable Networks - 1.6 11
Network Architecture - 1.6.1 11
Fault Tolerance - 1.6.2 12
Scalability - 1.6.3 12
Quality of Service - 1.6.4 12
Network Security - 1.6.5 13
Check Your Understanding - Reliable Networks - 1.6.6 13
Network Trends - 1.7 13
Recent Trends - 1.7.1 13
Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) - 1.7.2 14
Online Collaboration - 1.7.3 14
Video Communications - 1.7.4 14
Video - Cisco Webex for Huddles - 1.7.5 14
Cloud Computing - 1.7.6 14
Cloud Types 15
Technology Trends in the Home - 1.7.7 15
Powerline Networking - 1.7.8 16
Wireless Broadband - 1.7.9 16
Wireless Internet Service Provider 16
Wireless Broadband Service 17
Check Your Understanding - Network Trends - 1.7.10 17
Network Security - 1.8 17
Security Threats - 1.8.1 17
Security Solutions - 1.8.2 18
Check Your Understanding - Network Security - 1.8.3 19
The IT Professional - 1.9 19
CCNA - 1.9.1 19
Networking Jobs - 1.9.2 19
Lab - Research IT and Networking Job Opportunities - 1.9.3 19
Module Practice and Quiz - 1.10 20
What did I learn in this module? - 1.10.1 20
Networks Affect our Lives 20
Network Components 20
Network Representations and Topologies 20
Common Types of Networks 20
Internet Connections 21
Reliable Networks 21
Network Trends 21
Network Security 21
The IT Professional 22
Chapter Quiz - Networking Today 23
Your Chapter Notes 23
Chapter 2 Basic Switch and End Device Configuration 25
Introduction - 2.0 25
Why should I take this module? - 2.0.1 25
What will I learn to do in this module? - 2.0.2 25
Cisco IOS Access - 2.1 25
Operating Systems - 2.1.1 25
GUI - 2.1.2 26
Purpose of an OS - 2.1.3 26
Access Methods - 2.1.4 27
Terminal Emulation Programs - 2.1.5 27
PuTTY 28
Tera Term 28
SecureCRT 28
Check Your Understanding - Cisco IOS Access - 2.1.6 28
IOS Navigation - 2.2 28
Primary Command Modes - 2.2.1 28
Configuration Mode and Subconfiguration Modes - 2.2.2 28
Video - IOS CLI Primary Command Modes - 2.2.3 29
Navigate Between IOS Modes - 2.2.4 29
Video - Navigate Between IOS Modes - 2.2.5 30
A Note About Syntax Checker Activities - 2.2.6 30
Syntax Checker - Navigate Between IOS Modes - 2.2.7 30
Check Your Understanding - IOS Navigation - 2.2.8 30
The Command Structure - 2.3 30
Basic IOS Command Structure - 2.3.1 30
IOS Command Syntax Check - 2.3.2 31
IOS Help Features - 2.3.3 31
Video - Context Sensitive Help and Command Syntax Check - 2.3.4 32
Hot Keys and Shortcuts - 2.3.5 32
Video - Hot Keys and Shortcuts - 2.3.6 33
Packet Tracer - Navigate the IOS - 2.3.7 33
Lab - Navigate the IOS by Using Tera Term for Console Connectivity - 2.3.8 33
Basic Device Configuration - 2.4 34
Device Names - 2.4.1 34
Password Guidelines - 2.4.2 35
Configure Passwords - 2.4.3 35
Encrypt Passwords - 2.4.4 36
Banner Messages - 2.4.5 37
Video - Secure Administrative Access to a Switch - 2.4.6 37
Syntax Checker - Basic Device Configuration - 2.4.7 37
Check Your Understanding - Basic Device Configuration - 2.4.8 38
Save Configurations - 2.5 38
Configuration Files - 2.5.1 38
Alter the Running Configuration - 2.5.2 39
Video - Alter the Running Configuration - 2.5.3 39
Capture Configuration to a Text File - 2.5.4 39
Packet Tracer - Configure Initial Switch Settings - 2.5.5 40
Ports and Addresses - 2.6 40
IP Addresses - 2.6.1 40
Interfaces and Ports - 2.6.2 41
Check Your Understanding - Ports and Addresses - 2.6.3 42
Configure IP Addressing - 2.7 42
Manual IP Address Configuration for End Devices - 2.7.1 42
Automatic IP Address Configuration for End Devices - 2.7.2 42
Syntax Checker - Verify Windows PC IP Configuration - 2.7.3 43
Switch Virtual Interface Configuration - 2.7.4 43
Syntax Checker - Configure a Switch Virtual Interface - 2.7.5 43
Packet Tracer - Implement Basic Connectivity - 2.7.6 43
Verify Connectivity - 2.8 43
Video Activity - Test the Interface Assignment - 2.8.1 43
Follow Along in Packet Tracer 44
Video Activity - Test End-to-End Connectivity - 2.8.2 44
Follow Along in Packet Tracer 44
Module Practice and Quiz - 2.9 44
Packet Tracer - Basic Switch and End Device Configuration - 2.9.1 44
Lab - Basic Switch and End Device Configuration - 2.9.2 44
What did I learn in this module? - 2.9.3 44
Chapter Quiz - Basic Switch and End Device Configuration 46
Your Chapter Notes 46
Chapter 3 Protocols and Models 47
Introduction - 3.0 47
Why should I take this module? - 3.0.1 47
What will I learn to do in this module? - 3.0.2 47
Class Activity - Design a Communications System - 3.0.3 47
The Rules - 3.1 48
Video - Devices in a Bubble - 3.1.1 48
Communications Fundamentals - 3.1.2 48
Communication Protocols - 3.1.3 48
Analogy 49
Network 49
Rule Establishment - 3.1.4 49
Network Protocol Requirements - 3.1.5 50
Message Encoding - 3.1.6 50
Analogy 50
Network 50
Message Formatting and Encapsulation - 3.1.7 50
Analogy 51
Network 51
Message Size - 3.1.8 51
Analogy 51
Network 51
Message Timing - 3.1.9 52
Message Delivery Options - 3.1.10 52
Analogy 52
Network 52
A Note About the Node Icon - 3.1.11 53
Check Your Understanding - The Rules - 3.1.12 53
Protocols - 3.2 53
Network Protocol Overview - 3.2.1 53
Network Protocol Functions - 3.2.2 53
Protocol Interaction - 3.2.3 54
Check Your Understanding - Protocols - 3.2.4 54
Protocol Suites - 3.3 54
Network Protocol Suites - 3.3.1 54
Evolution of Protocol Suites - 3.3.2 55
TCP/IP Protocol Example - 3.3.3 55
TCP/IP Protocol Suite - 3.3.4 55
Application Layer 55
Transport layer 56
Internet Layer 57
Network Access Layer 57
TCP/IP Communication Process - 3.3.5 58
Check Your Understanding - Protocol Suites - 3.3.6 58
Standards Organizations - 3.4 58
Open Standards - 3.4.1 58
Internet Standards - 3.4.2 59
Electronic and Communications Standards - 3.4.3 59
Lab - Research Networking Standards - 3.4.4 59
Check Your Understanding - Standards Organizations 60
Reference Models - 3.5 60
The Benefits of Using a Layered Model - 3.5.1 60
The OSI Reference Model - 3.5.2 60
The TCP/IP Protocol Model - 3.5.3 61
OSI and TCP/IP Model Comparison - 3.5.4 61
Packet Tracer - Investigate the TCP/IP and OSI Models in Action - 3.5.5 62
Data Encapsulation - 3.6 62
Segmenting Messages - 3.6.1 62
Sequencing - 3.6.2 63
Protocol Data Units - 3.6.3 63
Encapsulation Example - 3.6.4 63
De-encapsulation Example - 3.6.5 64
Check Your Understanding - Data Encapsulation - 3.6.6 64
Data Access - 3.7 64
Addresses - 3.7.1 64
Layer 3 Logical Address - 3.7.2 64
Devices on the Same Network - 3.7.3 65
Role of the Data Link Layer Addresses: Same IP Network - 3.7.4 65
Devices on a Remote Network - 3.7.5 66
Role of the Network Layer Addresses - 3.7.6 66
Role of the Data Link Layer Addresses: Different IP Networks - 3.7.7 66
Data Link Addresses - 3.7.8 67
Host to Router 67
Router to Router 67
Router to Server 67
Lab - Install Wireshark - 3.7.9 67
Lab - Use Wireshark to View Network Traffic - 3.7.10 67
Check Your Understanding - Data Access 3.7.11 68
Module Practice and Quiz - 3.8 68
What did I learn in this module? - 3.8.1 68
The Rules 68
Protocols 68
Protocol Suites 68
Standards Organizations 69
Reference Models 69
Data Encapsulation 69
Data Access 70
Chapter Quiz - Protocols and Models 71
Your Chapter Notes 71
Chapter 4 Physical Layer 73
Introduction - 4.0 73
Why should I take this module? - 4.0.1 73
What will I learn to do in this module? - 4.0.2 73
Purpose of the Physical Layer - 4.1 73
The Physical Connection - 4.1.1 73
Network Interface Cards 74
The Physical Layer - 4.1.2 74
Check Your Understanding - Purpose of the Physical Layer - 4.1.3 74
Physical Layer Characteristics - 4.2 74
Physical Layer Standards - 4.2.1 74
Physical Components - 4.2.2 75
Physical Components 75
Encoding - 4.2.3 76
Signaling - 4.2.4 76
Copper Cable 76
Fiber Optic Cable 76
Wireless Media 76
Bandwidth - 4.2.5 76
Bandwidth Terminology - 4.2.6 77
Latency 77
Throughput 77
Goodput 78
Check Your Understanding - Physical Layer Characteristics - 4.2.7 78
Copper Cabling - 4.3 78
Characteristics of Copper Cabling - 4.3.1 78
Types of Copper Cabling - 4.3.2 79
Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) - 4.3.3 79
Shielded twisted-pair (STP) - 4.3.4 79
Coaxial cable - 4.3.5 79
Check Your Understanding - Copper Cabling - 4.3.6 80
UTP Cabling - 4.4 80
Properties of UTP Cabling - 4.4.1 80
UTP Cabling Standards and Connectors - 4.4.2 81
Straight-through and Crossover UTP Cables - 4.4.3 82
Cable Types and Standards 82
Activity - Cable Pinouts - 4.4.4 83
Fiber-Optic Cabling - 4.5 83
Properties of Fiber-Optic Cabling - 4.5.1 83
Types of Fiber Media - 4.5.2 83
Single-Mode Fiber 83
Multimode Fiber 83
Fiber-Optic Cabling Usage - 4.5.3 84
Fiber-Optic Connectors - 4.5.4 84
Straight-Tip (ST) Connectors 84
Subscriber Connector (SC) Connectors 84
Lucent Connector (LC) Simplex Connectors 84
Duplex Multimode LC Connectors 85
Fiber Patch Cords - 4.5.5 85
SC-SC Multimode Patch Cord 85
LC-LC Single-mode Patch Cord 85
ST-LC Multimode Patch Cord 85
SC-ST Single-mode Patch Cord 85
Fiber versus Copper - 4.5.6 85
UTP and Fiber-Optic Cabling Comparison 85
Check Your Understanding - Fiber-Optic Cabling - 4.5.7 86
Wireless Media - 4.6 86
Properties of Wireless Media - 4.6.1 86
Types of Wireless Media - 4.6.2 87
Wireless LAN - 4.6.3 87
Check Your Understanding - Wireless Media - 4.6.4 88
Packet Tracer - Connect a Wired and Wireless LAN - 4.6.5 88
Lab - View Wired and Wireless NIC Information - 4.6.6 88
Module Practice and Quiz - 4.7 88
Packet Tracer - Connect the Physical Layer - 4.7.1 88
What did I learn in this module? - 4.7.2 88
Purpose of the Physical Layer 88
Physical Layer Characteristics 89
Copper Cabling 89
UTP Cabling 89
Fiber-Optic Cabling 89
Wireless Media 90
Chapter Quiz - Physical Layer 91
Your Chapter Notes 91
Chapter 5 Number Systems 93
Introduction - 5.0 93
Why should I take this module? - 5.0.1 93
What will I learn to do in this module? - 5.0.2 93
Binary Number System - 5.1 93
Binary and IPv4 Addresses - 5.1.1 93
Video - Converting Between Binary and Decimal Numbering Systems - 5.1.2 94
Binary Positional Notation - 5.1.3 94
Check Your Understanding - Binary Number System - 5.1.4 95
Convert Binary to Decimal - 5.1.5 95
Activity - Binary to Decimal Conversions - 5.1.6 96
Decimal to Binary Conversion - 5.1.7 97
128 97
64 97
32 97
16 97
8 97
4 98
2 98
1 98
Decimal to Binary Conversion Example - 5.1.8 98
Step 1 98
Step 2 99
Step 3 99
Step 4 99
Step 5 99
Step 6 99
Step 7 99
Step 8 99
Step 9 99
Step 10 99
Step 11 99
Activity - Decimal to Binary Conversions - 5.1.9 100
Activity - Binary Game - 5.1.10 100
IPv4 Addresses - 5.1.11 100
Dotted Decimal Address 100
Octets 100
32-bit Address 100
Hexadecimal Number System - 5.2 100
Hexadecimal and IPv6 Addresses - 5.2.1 100
Video - Converting Between Hexadecimal and
Decimal Numbering Systems - 5.2.2 101
Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversions - 5.2.3 101
Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion - 5.2.4 101
Check Your Understanding - Hexadecimal Number System - 5.2.5 102
Module Practice and Quiz 102
What did I learn in this module? - 5.3.1 102
Binary Number System 102
Hexadecimal Number System 102
Chapter Quiz - Number Systems 103
Your Chapter Notes 103
Chapter 6 Data Link Layer 105
Introduction - 6.0 105
Why should I take this module? - 6.0.1 105
What will I learn to do in this module? - 6.0.2 105
Purpose of the Data Link Layer - 6.1 105
The Data Link Layer - 6.1.1 105
IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Data Link Sublayers - 6.1.2 106
Providing Access to Media - 6.1.3 107
Data Link Layer Standards - 6.1.4 107
Check Your Understanding - Purpose of the Data Link Layer - 6.1.5 108
Topologies - 6.2 108
Physical and Logical Topologies - 6.2.1 108
WAN Topologies - 6.2.2 108
Point-to-Point 108
Hub and Spoke 108
Mesh 109
Point-to-Point WAN Topology - 6.2.3 109
LAN Topologies - 6.2.4 109
Legacy LAN Topologies 109
Half and Full Duplex Communication - 6.2.5 110
Half-duplex communication 110
Full-duplex communication 110
Access Control Methods - 6.2.6 110
Contention-based access 110
Controlled access 111
Contention-Based Access - CSMA/CD - 6.2.7 111
PC1 Sends a Frame 111
The Hub Receives the Frame 112
The Hub Sends the Frame 112
Contention-Based Access - CSMA/CA - 6.2.8 112
Check Your Understanding - Topologies - 6.2.9 112
Data Link Frame - 6.3 112
The Frame - 6.3.1 112
Frame Fields - 6.3.2 113
Layer 2 Addresses - 6.3.3 114
Host-to-Router 114
Router-to-Router 114
Router-to-Host 114
LAN and WAN Frames - 6.3.4 115
Check Your Understanding - Data Link Frame - 6.3.5 116
Module Practice and Quiz - 6.4 116
What did I learn in this module? - 6.4.1 116
Purpose of the Data Link Layer 116
Topologies 116
Data Link Frame 116
Chapter Quiz - Data Link Layer 118
Your Chapter Notes 118
Chapter 7 Ethernet Switching 119
Introduction - 7.0 119
Why should I take this module? - 7.0.1 119
What will I learn to do in this module? - 7.0.2 119
Ethernet Frames - 7.1 119
Ethernet Encapsulation - 7.1.1 119
Data Link Sublayers - 7.1.2 120
MAC Sublayer - 7.1.3 120
Data Encapsulation 120
Accessing the Media 121
Ethernet Frame Fields - 7.1.4 121
Ethernet Frame Fields Detail 121
Check Your Understanding - Ethernet Switching - 7.1.5 122
Lab - Use Wireshark to Examine Ethernet Frames - 7.1.6 122
Ethernet MAC Address - 7.2 122
MAC Address and Hexadecimal - 7.2.1 122
Ethernet MAC Address - 7.2.2 123
Frame Processing - 7.2.3 123
Unicast MAC Address - 7.2.4 124
Broadcast MAC Address - 7.2.5 124
Multicast MAC Address - 7.2.6 125
Lab - View Network Device MAC Addresses - 7.2.7 126
The MAC Address Table - 7.3 126
Switch Fundamentals - 7.3.1 126
Switch Learning and Forwarding - 7.3.2 126
Learn 127
Forward 127
Filtering Frames - 7.3.3 127
PC-D to Switch 127
Switch to PC-A 128
PC-A to Switch to PC-D 128
Video - MAC Address Tables on Connected Switches - 7.3.4 128
Video - Sending the Frame to the Default Gateway - 7.3.5 128
Activity - Switch It! - 7.3.6 128
Lab - View the Switch MAC Address Table - 7.3.7 128
Switch Speeds and Forwarding Methods - 7.4 129
Frame Forwarding Methods on Cisco Switches - 7.4.1 129
Cut-Through Switching - 7.4.2 129
Memory Buffering on Switches - 7.4.3 130
Memory Buffering Methods 130
Duplex and Speed Settings - 7.4.4 131
Auto-MDIX - 7.4.5 131
Check Your Understanding - Switch Speeds and Forwarding Methods - 7.4.6 132
Module Practice and Quiz - 7.5 132
What did I learn in this module? - 7.5.1 132
Ethernet Frame 132
Ethernet MAC Address 132
The MAC Address Table 132
Switch Speeds and Forwarding Methods 133
Chapter Quiz - Ethernet Switching 134
Your Chapter Notes 134
Chapter 8 Network Layer 135
Introduction - 8.0 135
Why should I take this module? - 8.0.1 135
What will I learn to do in this module? - 8.0.2 135
Network Layer Characteristics - 8.1 135
The Network Layer - 8.1.1 135
IP Encapsulation - 8.1.2 136
Characteristics of IP - 8.1.3 137
Connectionless - 8.1.4 137
Best Effort - 8.1.5 137
Media Independent - 8.1.6 137
Check Your Understanding - IP Characteristics - 8.1.7 138
IPv4 Packet - 8.2 138
IPv4 Packet Header - 8.2.1 138
IPv4 Packet Header Fields - 8.2.2 138
Video - Sample IPv4 Headers in Wireshark - 8.2.3 139
Check Your Understanding - IPv4 Packet - 8.2.4 139
IPv6 Packet - 8.3 139
Limitations of IPv4 - 8.3.1 139
IPv6 Overview - 8.3.2 139
IPv4 Packet Header Fields in the IPv6 Packet Header - 8.3.3 140
IPv6 Packet Header - 8.3.4 140
Video - Sample IPv6 Headers in Wireshark - 8.3.5 140
Check Your Understanding - IPv6 Packet - 8.3.6 141
How a Host Routes - 8.4 141
Host Forwarding Decision - 8.4.1 141
Default Gateway - 8.4.2 142
A Host Routes to the Default Gateway - 8.4.3 142
Host Routing Tables - 8.4.4 142
IPv4 Routing Table for PC1 142
Check Your Understanding - How a Host Routes - 8.4.5 143
Introduction to Routing - 8.5 143
Router Packet Forwarding Decision - 8.5.1 143
R1 Routing Table 144
IP Router Routing Table - 8.5.2 144
Static Routing - 8.5.3 144
Dynamic Routing - 8.5.4 145
Video- IPv4 Router Routing Tables - 8.5.5 146
Introduction to an IPv4 Routing Table - 8.5.6 146
Check Your Understanding - Introduction to Routing - 8.5.7 147
Module Practice and Quiz - 8.6 147
What did I learn in this module? - 8.6.1 147
Network Layer Characteristics 147
IPv4 Packet 148
IPv6 Packet 148
How a Host Routes 148
Introduction to Routing 148
Chapter Quiz - Network Layer 150
Your Chapter Notes 150
Chapter 9 Address Resolution 151
Introduction - 9.0 151
Why should I take this module? - 9.0.1 151
What will I learn to do in this module? - 9.0.2 151
MAC and IP - 9.1 151
Destination on Same Network - 9.1.1 151
Destination on Remote Network - 9.1.2 152
Packet Tracer - Identify MAC and IP Addresses - 9.1.3 153
Check Your Understanding - MAC and IP - 9.1.4 153
ARP - 9.2 153
ARP Overview - 9.2.1 153
ARP Functions - 9.2.2 153
Video - ARP Request - 9.2.3 154
Video - ARP Operation - ARP Reply - 9.2.4 155
Video - ARP Role in Remote Communications - 9.2.5 155
Removing Entries from an ARP Table - 9.2.6 156
ARP Tables on Networking Devices - 9.2.7 156
ARP Issues - ARP Broadcasts and ARP Spoofing - 9.2.8 157
Packet Tracer - Examine the ARP Table - 9.2.9 157
Check Your Understanding - ARP - 9.2.10 157
IPv6 Neighbor Discovery - 9.3 157
Video - IPv6 Neighbor Discovery - 9.3.1 157
IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Messages - 9.3.2 157
IPv6 Neighbor Discovery - Address Resolution - 9.3.3 158
Packet Tracer - IPv6 Neighbor Discovery - 9.3.4 158
Check Your Understanding - Neighbor Discovery - 9.3.5 159
Module Practice and Quiz - 9.4 159
What did I learn in this module? - 9.4.1 159
MAC and IP 159
ARP 159
Neighbor Discovery 159
Chapter Quiz - Address Resolution 160
Your Chapter Notes 160
Chapter 10 Basic Router Configuration 161
Introduction - 10.0 161
Why should I take this module? - 10.0.1 161
What will I learn in this