List of Contributors xvii
1 Intelligent Sensing and Ubiquitous Systems (ISUS) for Smarter and Safer Home Healthcare 1
Rui Silva Moreira, Jose Torres, Pedro Sobral, and Christophe Soares
1.1 Introduction to Ubicomp for Home Healthcare 1
1.2 Processing and Sensing Issues 3
1.2.1 Remote Patient Monitoring in Home Environments 4
1.2.1.1 Hardware Device 5
1.2.1.2 Sensed Data Processing and Analysis 6
1.2.2 Indoor Location Using Bluetooth Low Energy Beacons 8
1.2.2.1 Bluetooth Low Energy 9
1.2.2.2 Distance Estimation 9
1.3 Integration and Management Issues 14
1.3.1 Cloud-Based Integration of Personal Healthcare Systems 15
1.3.2 SNMP-Based Integration and Interference Free Approach to Personal Healthcare 17
1.4 Communication and Networking Issues 19
1.4.1 Wireless Sensor Network for Home Healthcare 21
1.4.1.1 Home Healthcare System Architecture 21
1.4.1.2 Wireless Sensor Network Evaluation 25
1.5 Intelligence and Reasoning Issues 26
1.5.1 Intelligent Monitoring and Automation in Home Healthcare 26
1.5.2 Personal Activity Detection During Daily Living 30
1.6 Conclusion 32
Bibliography 33
2 PeMo-EC: An Intelligent, Pervasive and Mobile Platform for ECG Signal Acquisition, Processing, and Pre-Diagnostic Extraction 37
Angelo Brayner, Jose Maria Monteiro, and João Paulo Madeiro
2.1 Electrical System of the Heart 37
2.2 The Electrocardiogram Signal: A Gold Standard for Monitoring People Suffering from Heart Diseases 38
2.3 Pervasive and Mobile Computing: Basic Concepts 40
2.4 Ubiquitous Computing and Healthcare Applications: State of the Art 42
2.5 PeMo-EC: Description of the Proposed Framework 44
2.5.1 Acquisition Module: Biosensors and ECG Data Conditioning 44
2.5.2 Patient’s Smartphone Application: ECG Signal Processing Module 49
2.5.3 Physician’s Smartphone Application: Query/Alarm Module 54
2.5.4 The Collaborative Database: Data Integration Module 55
2.5.4.1 Motivation 55
2.5.4.2 The Design of the Collaborative Database 57
2.5.4.3 Data Mining and Pattern Recognition 59
2.6 Conclusions 61
Acknowledgements 61
Bibliography 62
3 The Impact of Implantable Sensors in Biomedical Technology on the Future of Healthcare Systems 67
Ashraf Darwish, Gehad Ismail Sayed, and Aboul Ella Hassanien
3.1 Introduction 67
3.2 Related Work 71
3.3 Motivation and Contribution 74
3.4 Fundamentals of IBANs for Healthcare Monitoring 75
3.4.1 ISs in Biomedical Systems 75
3.4.2 Applications of ISs in Biomedical Systems 78
3.4.2.1 Brain Stimulator 78
3.4.2.2 Heart Failure Monitoring 78
3.4.2.3 Blood Glucose Level 80
3.4.3 Security in Implantable Biomedical Systems 80
3.5 Challenges and Future Trends 82
3.6 Conclusion and Recommendation 85
Bibliography 86
4 Social Network’s Security Related to Healthcare 91
Fatna Elmendili, Habiba Chaoui, and Younes El Bouzekri El Idrissi
4.1 The Use of Social Networks in Healthcare 91
4.2 The Social Media Respond to a Primary Need of Security 92
4.3 The Type of Medical Data 95
4.3.1 Security of Medical Data 96
4.4 Problematic 97
4.5 Presentation of the Honeypots 98
4.5.1 Principle of Honeypots 98
4.6 Proposal System for Detecting Malicious Profiles on the Health Sector 99
4.6.1 Proposed Solution 100
4.6.1.1 Deployment of Social Honeypots 100
4.6.1.2 Data Collection 103
4.6.1.3 Classification of Users 104
4.7 Results and Discussion 108
4.8 Conclusion 111
Bibliography 111
5 Multi-Sensor Fusion for Context-Aware Applications 115
Veeramuthu Venkatesh, Ponnuraman Balakrishnan, and Pethru Raj
5.1 Introduction 115
5.1.1 What Is an Intelligent Pervasive System? 115
5.1.2 The Significance of Context Awareness for Next-Generation Smarter Environments 117
5.1.2.1 Context-Aware Characteristics 118
5.1.2.2 Context Types and Categorization Schemes 119
5.1.2.3 Context Awareness Management Design Principles 121
5.1.2.4 Context Life Cycle 122
5.1.2.5 Interval (Called Occasionally) 124
5.1.3 Pervasive Healthcare-Enabling Technologies 125
5.1.3.1 Bio-Signal Acquisition 126
5.1.3.2 Communication Technologies 126
5.1.3.3 Data Classification 128
5.1.3.4 Intelligent Agents 128
5.1.3.5 Location-Based Technologies 128
5.1.4 Pervasive Healthcare Challenges 128
5.2 Ambient Methods Used for E-Health 130
5.2.1 Body Area Networks (BANs) 130
5.2.2 Home M2M Sensor Networks 131
5.2.3 Microelectromechanical System (MEMS) 132
5.2.4 Cloud-Based Intelligent Healthcare 132
5.3 Algorithms and Methods 133
5.3.1 Behavioral Pattern Discovery 133
5.3.2 Decision Support System 134
5.4 Intelligent Pervasive Healthcare Applications 134
5.4.1 Health Information Management 134
5.4.2 Location and Context-Aware Services 136
5.4.3 Remote Patient Monitoring 136
5.4.4 Waze: Community-Based Navigation App 138
5.5 Conclusion 138
Bibliography 139
6 IoT-Based Noninvasive Wearable and Remote Intelligent Pervasive Healthcare Monitoring Systems for the Elderly People 141
Stela Vitorino Sampaio
6.1 Introduction 141
6.2 Internet of Things (IoT) and Remote Health Monitoring 141
6.3 Wearable Health Monitoring 143
6.3.1 Wearable Sensors 143
6.4 Related Work 145
6.4.1 Existing Status 146
6.5 Architectural Prototype 147
6.5.1 Data Acquisition and Processing 150
6.5.2 Pervasive and Intelligence Monitoring 151
6.5.3 Communication 153
6.5.4 Predictive Analytics 153
6.5.5 Edge Analytics 154
6.5.6 Ambient Intelligence 155
6.5.7 Privacy and Security 155
6.6 Summary 156
Bibliography 156
7 Pervasive Healthcare System Based on Environmental Monitoring 159
Sangeetha Archunan and Amudha Thangavel
7.1 Introduction 159
7.2 Intelligent Pervasive Computing System 160
7.2.1 Applications of Pervasive Computing 163
7.3 Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring 163
7.3.1 Environmental Monitoring 165
7.3.1.1 Influence of Environmental Factors on Health 167
7.4 IPCS for Healthcare 167
7.4.1 Healthcare System Architecture Based on Environmental Monitoring 171
7.5 Conclusion 174
Bibliography 174
8 Secure Pervasive Healthcare System and Diabetes Prediction Using Heuristic Algorithm 179
Patitha Parameswaran and Rajalakshmi Shenbaga Moorthy
8.1 Introduction 179
8.2 Related Work 181
8.3 System Design 182
8.3.1 Data Collector 183
8.3.2 Security Manager 183
8.3.2.1 Proxy Re-encryption Algorithm 183
8.3.2.2 Key Generator 184
8.3.2.3 Patient 185
8.3.2.4 Proxy Server 185
8.3.2.5 Healthcare Professional 185
8.3.3 Clusterer 186
8.3.3.1 Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization K-Means (HPSO-K) Algorithm 186
8.3.4 Predictor 191
8.3.4.1 Hidden Markov Model-Based Viterbi Algorithm (HMM-VA) 191
8.4 Implementation 193
8.5 Results and Discussions 196
8.5.1 Analyzing the Performance of PRA 196
8.5.1.1 Time Taken for Encryption 196
8.5.1.2 Storage Space for Re-encrypted Data 196
8.5.1.3 Time Take for Decryption 196
8.5.2 Analyzing the Performance of HPSO-K Algorithm 197
8.5.2.1 Number of Iterations (Generations) to Cluster Patients 198
8.5.2.2 Comparison of Intra-cluster Distance 198
8.5.2.3 Comparison of Inter-cluster Distance 199
8.5.2.4 Number of Patients in Cluster 200
8.5.2.5 Comparison of Time Complexity 201
8.5.3 Analyzing the Performance of HMM-VA 201
8.5.3.1 Forecasting Diabetes 201
8.5.3.2 Comparison of Error Rate 203
8.6 Conclusion 203
Nomenclatures Used 203
Bibliography 204
9 Threshold-Based Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Critical Data Transmission to Increase Lifetime in Heterogeneous Wireless Body Area Sensor Network 207
Deepalakshmi Perumalsamy and Navya Venkatamari
9.1 Introduction 207
9.2 Related Works 209
9.3 Proposed Protocol: Threshold-Based Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Critical Data Transmission (EERPCDT) 213
9.3.1 Background and Motivation 213
9.3.2 Basic Communication Radio Model 214
9.4 System Model 215
9.4.1 Initialization Phase 216
9.4.2 Routing Phase Selection of Forwarder Node 217
9.4.3 Scheduling Phase 217
9.4.4 Data Transmission Phase 218
9.5 Analysis of Energy Consumption 218
9.6 Simulation Results and Discussions 219
9.6.1 Network Lifetime and Stability Period 219
9.6.2 Residual Energy 220
9.6.3 Throughput 221
9.7 Conclusion and Future Work 222
Bibliography 223
10 Privacy and Security Issues on Wireless Body Area and IoT for Remote Healthcare Monitoring 227
Prabha Selvaraj and Sumathi Doraikannan
10.1 Introduction 227
10.2 Healthcare Monitoring System 227
10.2.1 Evolution of Healthcare Monitoring System 227
10.3 Healthcare Monitoring System 228
10.3.1 Sensor Network 230
10.3.2 Wireless Sensor Network 230
10.3.3 Wireless Body Area Network 230
10.4 Privacy and Security 233
10.4.1 Privacy and Security Issues in Wireless Body Area Network 234
10.5 Attacks and Measures 237
10.5.1 Security Models for Various Levels 241
10.5.1.1 Security Models for Data Collection Level 241
10.5.1.2 Security Models for Data Transmission Level 242
10.5.1.3 Security Models for Data Storage and Access Level 242
10.5.2 Privacy and Security Issues Pertained to Healthcare Applications 243
10.5.3 Issues Related to Health Information Held by an Individual Organization 243
10.5.4 Categorization of Organizational Threats 244
10.6 Internet of Things 248
10.6.1 WBAN Using IoT 248
10.7 Projects and Related Works in Healthcare Monitoring System 249
10.8 Summary 251
Bibliography 251
11 Remote Patient Monitoring: A Key Management and Authentication Framework for Wireless Body Area Networks 255
Padma Theagarajan and Jayashree Nair
11.1 Introduction 255
11.2 RelatedWork 256
11.3 Proposed Framework for Secure Remote Patient Monitoring 258
11.3.1 Proposed Security Framework 259
11.3.2 Key Generation Algorithm: PQSG 260
11.3.3 Key Establishment in NetAMS: KEAMS 262
11.3.3.1 Initiation of Communication by HPA 262
11.3.3.2 Establishment of Key by HMS 263
11.3.3.3 Authentication of HMS 263
11.3.4 Key Establishment in NetSHA: KESHA 265
11.3.4.1 Initiation of Communication by WSH 265
11.3.4.2 Establishment of Key by the HPA 266
11.3.4.3 Acknowledgment by HPA 266
11.4 Performance Analysis 267
11.4.1 Randomness 267
11.4.2 Distinctiveness 268
11.4.3 Complexity 269
11.5 Discussion 271
11.6 Conclusion 272
Bibliography 273
12 Image Analysis Using Smartphones for Medical Applications: A Survey 275
Rajeswari Rajendran and Jothilakshmi Rajendiran
12.1 Introduction 275
12.2 Pervasive Healthcare Using Image-Based Smartphone Applications 276
12.3 Smartphone-Based Image Diagnosis 277
12.3.1 Diagnosis Using Built-In Camera 278
12.3.2 Diagnosis Using External Sensors/Devices 280
12.4 Libraries and Tools for Smartphone-Based Image Analysis 284
12.4.1 Open-Source Libraries for Image Analysis in Smartphones 284
12.4.2 Tools for Cross-Platform Smartphone Application Development 286
12.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives 286
12.6 Conclusion 288
Bibliography 288
13 Bounds of Spreading Rate of Virus for a Network Through an Intuitionistic Fuzzy Graph 291
Deepa Ganesan, Praba Bashyam, Chandrasekaran Vellankoil Marappan, Rajakumar Krishnan, and Krishnamoorthy Venkatesan
13.1 Intuitionistic Fuzzy Matrices Using Incoming and Outgoing Links 292
13.2 Virus Spreading Rate Between Outgoing and Incoming Links 302
13.3 Numerical Examples 305
Bibliography 310
14 Data Mining Techniques for the Detection of the Risk in Cardiovascular Diseases 313
Dinakaran Karunakaran, Vishnu Priya, and Valarmathie Palanisamy
14.1 Introduction 313
14.2 PPG Signal Analysis 315
14.2.1 Pulse Width 315
14.2.2 Pulse Area 315
14.2.3 Peak-to-Peak Interval 316
14.2.4 Pulse Interval 316
14.2.5 Augmentation Index 317
14.2.6 Large Artery Stiffness Index 317
14.2.7 Types of Photoplethysmography 319
14.3 Related Works 319
14.4 Methodology 322
14.4.1 PPG Design and Recording Setup 322
14.5 Preprocessing in PPG Signal 323
14.6 Results and Discussion 325
14.7 Conclusion 327
Bibliography 328
15 Smart Sensing System for Cardio Pulmonary Sound Signals 331
Nersisson Ruban and A.Mary Mekala
15.1 Introduction 331
15.2 Background Theory 332
15.2.1 Human Heart 333
15.2.2 Heart Sounds 334
15.2.3 Origin of Sounds 334
15.2.4 Significance of Detection 334
15.3 Heart Sound Detection 335
15.3.1 Stethoscope 335
15.4 Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) 336
15.4.1 Properties of PVDF 337
15.4.2 PVDF as Thin Film Piezoelectric Sensor 337
15.4.3 Placement of the Sensor 338
15.4.4 Development of PVDF Sensor 339
15.4.4.1 Steps Involved in the Development of Sensor 340
15.5 Hardware Implementation 341
15.5.1 Charge Amplifier 341
15.5.2 Signal Conditioning Circuits for PVDF Sensor 342
15.5.3 Hardware Circuits 343
15.5.3.1 Design of Charge Amplifier 343
15.5.3.2 Filter Design 344
15.6 LabVIEW Design 346
15.6.1 Signal Acquisition 346
15.6.1.1 Data Acquisition with LabVIEW 347
15.6.2 Fixing of the Threshold Value 348
15.6.3 Fixing the Threshold for Real-Time Signal 349
15.6.4 Fixing the Threshold in Time Scale 350
15.6.5 Separation of Peaks from Resultant Signal (Sample 1) 351
15.6.6 Separation of Peaks from Resultant Signal (Sample 2) 351
15.7 Heart Sound Segmentation 353
15.7.1 Algorithm for Signal Separation 354
15.7.1.1 Case Structure Algorithm 354
15.7.2 Segmented S1 and S2 Sounds 354
15.8 Conclusion 356
Bibliography 357
16 Anomaly Detection and Pattern Matching Algorithm for Healthcare Application: Identifying Ambulance Siren in Traffic 361
Gowthambabu Karthikeyan, Sasikala Ramasamy, and Suresh Kumar Nagarajan
16.1 Introduction 361
16.2 Related Work 364
16.2.1 Role of Sound Detection in Existing Systems 366
16.2.2 Input and Output Parameters 367
16.2.3 Features of Pattern Matching 367
16.3 Pattern Matching Algorithm for Ambulance Siren Detection 368
16.3.1 Sensors 368
16.3.2 Sensor Deviations 368
16.3.3 Traffic Signal 369
16.3.3.1 How Do Traffic Signals Work? 369
16.3.3.2 Traffic Signal 370
16.3.3.3 Sound-Detecting Sensor 370
16.3.4 Pattern Matching Algorithm: Anomaly Detection 372
16.3.4.1 Algorithm and Implementation 374
16.3.4.2 Sound Detection Module 375
16.4 Results and Conclusion 375
Bibliography 376
17 Detecting Diabetic Retinopathy from Retinal Images Using CUDA Deep Neural Network 379
Ricky Parmar, Ramanathan Lakshmanan, Swarnalatha Purushotham, and Rajkumar Soundrapandiyan
17.1 Introduction 379
17.2 Proposed Method 381
17.2.1 Preprocessing 382
17.2.2 Architecture 383
17.2.3 Digital Artifacts 386
17.2.4 Pseudo-classification 387
17.3 Experimental Results 387
17.3.1 Dataset 387
17.3.2 Performance Evaluation Measures 388
17.3.3 Validation of Datasets Using Exponential Power Distribution 388
17.3.4 Ensemble 390
17.3.5 Accuracy and Stats 390
17.4 Conclusion and Future Work 393
Bibliography 394
18 An Energy-Efficient Wireless Body Area Network Design in Health Monitoring Scenarios 397
Kannan Shanmugam and Karthik Subburathinam
18.1 Wireless Body Area Network 397
18.1.1 Overview 397
18.1.2 Architectures of Wireless Body Area Network 398
18.1.2.1 Tier 1: Intra-WBAN Communication 398
18.1.2.2 Tier 2: Inter-WBAN Communication 398
18.1.2.3 Tier 3: Beyond-WBAN Communication 399
18.1.3 Challenges Faced in System Design 399
18.1.3.1 Energy Constraint 401
18.1.3.2 Interference in Communication 401
18.1.3.3 Security 401
18.1.4 Research Problems 401
18.2 Proposed Opportunistic Scheduling 402
18.2.1 Introduction 402
18.2.2 System Model and Problem Formulation 403
18.2.2.1 System Model 403
18.2.2.2 Problem Formulation 404
18.2.3 Heuristic Scheduling 404
18.2.4 Dynamic Super-Frame Length Adjustment 407
18.2.4.1 Problem Formulation 407
18.3 Performance Analysis Environment and Metrics 408
18.3.1 Heuristic Scheduling with Fixed Super-Frame Length 409
18.3.2 Heuristic Scheduling with Dynamic Super-Frame Length 410
18.4 Summary 410
Bibliography 411
Index 413
