| Preface | p. xi |
| Acknowledgments | p. xiii |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| What Is Microfluidics? | p. 1 |
| Relationships Among MEMS, Nanotechnology, and Microfluidics | p. 1 |
| Commercial Aspects | p. 4 |
| Scientific Aspects | p. 5 |
| Milestones of Microfluidics | p. 6 |
| Device Development | p. 6 |
| Technology Development | p. 8 |
| Organization of the Book | p. 8 |
| References | p. 9 |
| Fluid Mechanics Theory | p. 11 |
| Introduction | p. 11 |
| Intermolecular Forces | p. 12 |
| The Three States of Matter | p. 14 |
| Continuum Assumption | p. 15 |
| Continuum Fluid Mechanics at Small Scales | p. 18 |
| Gas Flows | p. 19 |
| Liquid Flows | p. 23 |
| Boundary Conditions | p. 25 |
| Parallel Flows | p. 30 |
| Low Reynolds Number Flows | p. 33 |
| Entrance Effects | p. 36 |
| Surface Tension | p. 37 |
| Molecular Approaches | p. 39 |
| MD | p. 40 |
| DSMC Technique | p. 42 |
| Electrokinetics | p. 44 |
| Electro-osmosis | p. 44 |
| Electrophoresis | p. 47 |
| Dielectrophoresis | p. 49 |
| Conclusion | p. 51 |
| Problems | p. 52 |
| References | p. 53 |
| Fabrication Techniques for Microfluidics | p. 55 |
| Basic Microtechniques | p. 55 |
| Photolithography | p. 55 |
| Additive Techniques | p. 57 |
| Subtractive Techniques | p. 59 |
| Pattern Transfer Techniques | p. 61 |
| Functional Materials | p. 62 |
| Materials Related to Silicon Technology | p. 62 |
| Polymers | p. 67 |
| Silicon-Based Micromachining Techniques | p. 69 |
| Silicon Bulk Micromachining | p. 69 |
| Silicon Surface Micromachining | p. 76 |
| Polymer-Based Micromachining Techniques | p. 81 |
| Thick Resist Lithography | p. 82 |
| Polymeric Bulk Micromachining | p. 86 |
| Polymeric Surface Micromachining | p. 87 |
| Microstereo Lithography | p. 91 |
| Micromolding | p. 95 |
| Other Micromachining Techniques | p. 100 |
| Subtractive Techniques | p. 101 |
| Additive Techniques | p. 103 |
| Assembly and Packaging of Microfluidic Devices | p. 104 |
| Wafer Level Assembly and Packaging | p. 104 |
| Device Level Packaging | p. 106 |
| Biocompatibility | p. 108 |
| Material Response | p. 108 |
| Tissue and Cellular Response | p. 109 |
| Biocompatibility Tests | p. 109 |
| Problems | p. 109 |
| References | p. 110 |
| Experimental Flow Characterization | p. 117 |
| Introduction | p. 117 |
| Pointwise Methods | p. 117 |
| Full-Field Methods | p. 118 |
| Overview of [mu]PIV | p. 122 |
| Fundamental Physics Considerations of [mu]PIV | p. 122 |
| Special Processing Methods for [mu]PIV Recordings | p. 138 |
| Advanced Processing Methods Suitable for Both Micro/Macro-PIV Recordings | p. 141 |
| [mu]PIV Examples | p. 144 |
| Flow in a Microchannel | p. 144 |
| Flow in a Micronozzle | p. 146 |
| Flow Around a Blood Cell | p. 149 |
| Flow in Microfluidic Biochip | p. 151 |
| Conclusions | p. 153 |
| Extensions of the [mu]PIV Technique | p. 153 |
| Microfluidic Nanoscope | p. 153 |
| Microparticle Image Thermometry | p. 158 |
| Infrared [mu]PIV | p. 167 |
| Particle Tracking Velocimetry | p. 169 |
| Problems | p. 172 |
| References | p. 172 |
| Microfluidics for External Flow Control | p. 177 |
| Velocity and Turbulence Measurement | p. 177 |
| Velocity Sensors | p. 177 |
| Shear Stress Sensors | p. 181 |
| Turbulence Control | p. 189 |
| Microflaps | p. 190 |
| Microballoon | p. 191 |
| Microsynthetic Jet | p. 192 |
| Microair Vehicles | p. 193 |
| Fixed-Wing MAV | p. 194 |
| Flapping-Wing MAV | p. 195 |
| Microrotorcraft | p. 197 |
| Microrockets | p. 198 |
| Problems | p. 207 |
| References | p. 208 |
| Microfluidics for Internal Flow Control: Microvalves | p. 211 |
| Design Considerations | p. 213 |
| Actuators | p. 213 |
| Valve Spring | p. 234 |
| Valve Seat | p. 237 |
| Pressure Compensation Design | p. 238 |
| Design Examples | p. 239 |
| Pneumatic Valves | p. 239 |
| Thermopneumatic Valves | p. 240 |
| Thermomechanical Valves | p. 242 |
| Piezoelectric Valves | p. 244 |
| Electrostatic Valves | p. 245 |
| Electromagnetic Valves | p. 247 |
| Electrochemical and Chemical Valves | p. 248 |
| Capillary-Force Valves | p. 250 |
| Summary | p. 250 |
| Problems | p. 251 |
| References | p. 251 |
| Microfluidics for Internal Flow Control: Micropumps | p. 255 |
| Design Considerations | p. 256 |
| Mechanical Pumps | p. 256 |
| Nonmechanical Pumps | p. 269 |
| Design Examples | p. 288 |
| Mechanical Pumps | p. 288 |
| Nonmechanical Pumps | p. 298 |
| Summary | p. 303 |
| Problems | p. 303 |
| References | p. 304 |
| Microfluidics for Internal Flow Control: Microflow Sensors | p. 311 |
| Design Considerations | p. 311 |
| Design Parameters | p. 311 |
| Nonthermal Flow Sensors | p. 312 |
| Thermal Flow Sensors | p. 317 |
| Design Examples | p. 324 |
| Nonthermal Flow Sensors | p. 324 |
| Thermal Flow Sensors | p. 327 |
| Summary | p. 335 |
| Problems | p. 336 |
| References | p. 336 |
| Microfluidics for Life Sciences and Chemistry: Microneedles | p. 339 |
| Design Considerations | p. 341 |
| Mechanical Design | p. 341 |
| Delivery Modes | p. 346 |
| Design Examples | p. 348 |
| Solid Microneedles | p. 348 |
| Hollow Microneedles | p. 349 |
| Summary | p. 352 |
| Problems | p. 353 |
| References | p. 353 |
| Microfluidics for Life Sciences and Chemistry: Micromixers | p. 357 |
| Design Considerations | p. 359 |
| Parallel Lamination | p. 360 |
| Sequential Lamination | p. 363 |
| Sequential Segmentation | p. 364 |
| Segmentation Based on Injection | p. 366 |
| Focusing of Mixing Streams | p. 369 |
| Formation of Droplets and Chaotic Advection | p. 372 |
| Design Examples | p. 374 |
| Passive Micromixers | p. 374 |
| Active Micromixers | p. 383 |
| Summary | p. 386 |
| Problems | p. 388 |
| References | p. 389 |
| Microfluidics for Life Sciences and Chemistry: Microdispensers | p. 395 |
| Design Considerations | p. 395 |
| Droplet Dispensers | p. 395 |
| In-Channel Dispensers | p. 404 |
| Design Examples | p. 408 |
| Droplet Dispensers | p. 408 |
| In-Channel Dispensers | p. 412 |
| Summary | p. 414 |
| Problems | p. 415 |
| References | p. 416 |
| Microfluidics for Life Sciences and Chemistry: Microfilters and Microseparators | p. 419 |
| Microfilters | p. 419 |
| Design Considerations | p. 421 |
| Design Examples | p. 423 |
| Microseparator | p. 425 |
| Cell and Particle Sorter | p. 426 |
| Chromatography | p. 431 |
| Summary | p. 438 |
| Problems | p. 439 |
| References | p. 439 |
| Microfluidics for Life Sciences and Chemistry: Microreactors | p. 443 |
| Design Considerations | p. 444 |
| Specification Bases for Microreactors | p. 444 |
| Miniaturization of Chemical Processes | p. 445 |
| Functional Elements of a Microreactor | p. 446 |
| Design Examples | p. 449 |
| Gas-Phase Reactors | p. 449 |
| Liquid-Phase Reactors | p. 457 |
| Multiphase Reactors | p. 464 |
| Microreactors for Cell Treatment | p. 468 |
| Hybridization Arrays | p. 470 |
| Summary | p. 472 |
| Problems | p. 472 |
| References | p. 473 |
| List of Symbols | p. 479 |
| Resources for Microfluidics Research | p. 483 |
| Abbreviations of Different Plastics | p. 485 |
| Linear Elastic Deflection Models | p. 487 |
| About the Authors | p. 489 |
| Index | p. 491 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |