Insecticide Microbiology

1 Introduction.- 2 Insecticides and Microbial Environments.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Classification of Insecticides.- 2.1 Inorganic Insecticides.- 2.2 Insecticides of Natural Origin.- 2.3 Organochlorine Insecticides.- 2.4 Organophosphorus Insecticides.- 2.5 Carbamates.- 2.6 Synthetic Pyrethroids.- 3 Microbial Environments.- 3.1 Terrestrial Habitats.- 3.2 Aquatic Environments.- 3.3 The Atmosphere.- 4 Entry and Dispersal of Insecticides in Microbial Environments.- 4.1 Soil Environments.- 4.2 Aquatic Environments.- 4.3 The Atmosphere.- References.- 3 Experimental, Methodological and Analytical Approach to the Study of Microbe-Insecticide Interactions.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Accumulation.- 3 Metabolism.- 4 Analytical Implications.- 4.1 Extraction.- 4.2 Clean-Up.- 4.3 Identification and Estimation.- 5 Effects.- 5.1 Soil Microorganisms.- 5.2 Algae.- References.- 4 Microbial Accumulation of Insecticides.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Quantitative Aspects.- 3 Bioconcentration.- 4 Bioconcentration Factors and Biomagnification.- 5 Patterns of Accumulation.- 6 Factors Affecting Microbial Accumulation of Insecticides.- 6.1 Insecticide Solubility.- 6.2 Insecticide Concentration.- 6.3 Chemical Structure of Insecticides.- 6.4 Temperature and pH.- 6.5 Type and Nature of Microorganisms.- 6.6 Biomass, Cell Number and Cell Size.- 7 Mechanisms of Accumulation.- 8 Conclusions and Future Prospects.- References.- 5 Metabolism of Insecticides by Microorganisms.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Adaptation and Enrichment Techniques.- 3 Organophosphates.- 3.1 Diazinon.- 3.2 Fenitrothion.- 3.3 Methyl Parathion.- 3.4 Parathion.- 3.5 Other Organophosphates.- 3.6 Metabolites of Organophosphates.- 4 Dithioates.- 4.1 Azinophosmethyl (Gusathion).- 4.2 Malathion.- 5 Carbamates.- 5.1 Carbaryl.- 5.2 Carbofuran.- 5.3 1-Naphthol.- 6 Organochlorines.- 6.1 DDT.- 6.2 DDT Analogs.- 7 Pesticide Combination.- 8 Microorganisms and Pesticide Waste Treatment.- 9 Conclusions.- References.- 6 Enzymes Associated with the Microbial Metabolism of Insecticides.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Fundamental Reactions of Insecticide Metabolism.- 3 Organophosphates.- 4 Carbamates.- 5 Miscellaneous Enzyme Reactions.- 6 Discussion.- 7 Directions and Goals.- References.- 7 Genetic Engineering and Biological Detoxification/Degradation of Insecticides.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Insecticides, Microbes and Enzymes.- 2.1 Degradative Bacteria - Toxonomy and Phylogeny.- 2.2 Insecticides.- 3 Cellular Location of Detoxification/Degradation Genes.- 3.1 Conjugation.- 3.2 Degradative Plasmids.- 4 Genetic Engineering.- 4.1 Microorganisms and Cloning Strategies.- 4.2 Gene Cloning - the Process.- 5 Conclusion.- References.- 8 Effects of Insecticides on Soil Microorganisms.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Soil Microbial Populations.- 3 Ammonification.- 4 Nitrification.- 5 Denitrification.- 6 Biological Nitrogen Fixation.- 6.1 Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation.- 6.2 Asymbiotic Nitrogen Fixation.- 7 Respiration.- 8 Soil Enzymes.- 9 Plant Pathogenic Microflora.- References.- 9 Effects of Insecticides on Algae.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Direct Effects.- 2.1 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(p-Chlorophenyl)Ethane (DDT).- 2.2 Lindane.- 2.3 Aldrin, Dieldrin, and Endrin.- 2.4 Endosulfan.- 2.5 Toxaphene.- 2.6 Diazinon.- 2.7 Parathion and Methyl Parathion.- 2.8 Malathion.- 2.9 Permethrin.- 2.10 Other Insecticides.- 3 Factors Influencing Microbe/Insecticide Interactions.- 3.1 Light.- 3.2 Nutrients and Chemical Composition of the Media.- 3.3 pH and Temperature.- 3.4 Aeration.- 3.5 Insecticide Concentration.- 3.6 Insecticide Combination with Other Chemicals.- 3.7 Number, Type and Nature of Microorganisms.- 3.8 Multispecies Interactions.- 4 Secondary Effects.- 5 Conclusions and Future Prospects.- References.- 10 Cytological and Biochemical Effects of Insecticides on Microorganisms.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Cell Membranes.- 3 Energy Production, Enzymes and Metabolic Pathways.- 4 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis.- 5 Photosynthesis.- 6 Cell Morphology.- 7 Conclusions and Future Prospects.- References.