| Preface | p. xi |
| Acknowledgments | p. xv |
| Argument as reasoned dialogue | p. 1 |
| Types of argumentative dialogue | p. 3 |
| Components of argumentative dialogue | p. 8 |
| Persuasion dialogue (critical discussion) | p. 10 |
| Negative rules of persuasion dialogue | p. 15 |
| Some major informal fallacies | p. 18 |
| The straw man fallacy | p. 22 |
| Argument from consequences | p. 24 |
| The critical perspective | p. 34 |
| Questions and answers in dialogue | p. 38 |
| Presuppositions of questions | p. 39 |
| Complex questions | p. 42 |
| Have you stopped abusing your spouse? | p. 46 |
| Disjunctive questions | p. 50 |
| Arguments from ignorance | p. 56 |
| Replying to a question with a question | p. 61 |
| Begging the question | p. 64 |
| Questions in polls | p. 67 |
| Advocacy and push polling | p. 71 |
| Question-answer rules in dialogue | p. 73 |
| Criticisms of irrelevance | p. 78 |
| Allegations of irrelevance | p. 79 |
| Global irrelevance | p. 82 |
| Question-answer relevance | p. 85 |
| Setting an agenda for a discussion | p. 88 |
| Red herring versus wrong conclusion | p. 92 |
| Varieties of criticisms of irrelevance | p. 99 |
| Summary | p. 102 |
| Appeals to emotion | p. 106 |
| Argumentum ad populum | p. 107 |
| The argument from popularity | p. 111 |
| Problems with appeals to popularity | p. 114 |
| Threatening appeals to force | p. 117 |
| Further ad baculum problems | p. 124 |
| Appeals to pity | p. 128 |
| Overt, pictorial appeals to pity | p. 130 |
| Summary | p. 133 |
| Valid arguments | p. 136 |
| Deductive validity | p. 137 |
| Identifying arguments | p. 138 |
| Validity as a semantic concept | p. 142 |
| Valid forms of argument | p. 144 |
| Invalid arguments | p. 149 |
| Inconsistency | p. 152 |
| Composition and division | p. 156 |
| Defeasible reasoning | p. 159 |
| Jumping to a conclusion | p. 162 |
| Summary | p. 166 |
| Personal attack in argumentation | p. 170 |
| The abusive ad hominem argument | p. 171 |
| The circumstantial ad hominem argument | p. 177 |
| The attack on an arguer's impartiality | p. 185 |
| Non-fallacious ad hominem arguments | p. 190 |
| Replying to a personal attack | p. 194 |
| Critical questions for an ad hominem argument | p. 198 |
| Important types of error to check | p. 201 |
| Some cases for further discussion | p. 203 |
| Appeals to authority | p. 209 |
| Reasonable appeals to authority | p. 211 |
| Argumentation scheme for appeal to expert opinion | p. 215 |
| Critical questions for the appeal to expert opinion | p. 217 |
| Three common errors in citing expert opinions | p. 223 |
| Evaluating appeals to expert opinion in written sources | p. 225 |
| Expert testimony in legal argumentation | p. 229 |
| How expert is the authority? | p. 232 |
| Interpreting what the expert said | p. 237 |
| A balanced view of argument from expert opinion | p. 241 |
| Inductive errors, bias, and fallacies | p. 246 |
| Meaningless and unknowable statistics | p. 247 |
| Sampling procedures | p. 251 |
| Insufficient and biased statistics | p. 254 |
| Questionable questions and definitions | p. 256 |
| The post hoc argument | p. 259 |
| Six kinds of post hoc errors | p. 263 |
| Bias due to defining variables | p. 270 |
| Post hoc criticisms as raising critical questions in an inquiry | p. 272 |
| Strengthening causal arguments by answering critical questions | p. 275 |
| Examples of drawing causal conclusions from scientific studies | p. 279 |
| Summary | p. 285 |
| Natural language argumentation | p. 289 |
| Ambiguity and vagueness | p. 290 |
| Loaded terms and question-begging language | p. 294 |
| Equivocation and amphiboly | p. 300 |
| Arguments based on analogy | p. 305 |
| Argumentative use of analogy | p. 308 |
| Criticizing arguments from analogy | p. 312 |
| Slippery slope arguments | p. 315 |
| Subtle equivocations | p. 321 |
| Variability of strictness of standards | p. 325 |
| Conclusions | p. 328 |
| Bibliography | p. 333 |
| Index | p. 339 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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