| Preface | p. vii |
| Acknowledgments | p. ix |
| Arthropods and Human Health | |
| Arthropods and Health | p. 3 |
| Classification of Arthropods | p. 3 |
| Insects | p. 3 |
| Spiders | p. 5 |
| Mites and Ticks | p. 8 |
| Scorpions | p. 8 |
| Centipedes and Millipedes | p. 9 |
| Medical Importance of Arthropods | p. 10 |
| Historical Aspects of Medically Important Arthropods | p. 10 |
| Direct Effects on Health | p. 11 |
| Indirect Effects on Health | p. 12 |
| Dynamics of Arthropod-Borne Diseases | p. 19 |
| Mechanical vs Biological Transmission of Pathogens | p. 19 |
| Mechanical Transmission | p. 19 |
| Biological Transmission | p. 20 |
| Vector Competence | p. 24 |
| Incrimination of Vectors: A Complicated Issue | p. 25 |
| Major Arthropod-Borne Diseases | |
| Mosquito-Borne Diseases | p. 31 |
| Basic Mosquito Biology | p. 31 |
| Malaria | p. 35 |
| Introduction | p. 35 |
| The Disease and Its Diagnosis | p. 38 |
| The Causative Agent and Life Cycle | p. 38 |
| Mosquito Vectors and Behavior | p. 40 |
| Malaria Treatment and Control | p. 44 |
| Mosquito-Transmitted Encephalitis Viruses | p. 45 |
| Introduction and General Comments | p. 45 |
| Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) | p. 46 |
| St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE) | p. 49 |
| West Nile Encephalitis (WNV) | p. 53 |
| Other Mosquito-Borne Viruses | p. 54 |
| Dengue Fever | p. 58 |
| Introduction | p. 58 |
| Spread of the Virus | p. 58 |
| Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics | p. 61 |
| Treatment, Prevention, and Control | p. 62 |
| Yellow Fever (YF) | p. 63 |
| Introduction and Medical Significance | p. 63 |
| Brief History of Yellow Fever | p. 65 |
| Jungle vs Urban YF Cycles | p. 67 |
| Treatment and Prevention | p. 67 |
| Lymphatic Filariasis | p. 68 |
| Introduction and Medical Significance | p. 68 |
| Clinical and Laboratory Findings | p. 68 |
| Ecology of Lymphatic Filariasis | p. 70 |
| Other Human-Infesting Filarial Worms | p. 74 |
| Tick-Borne Diseases | p. 81 |
| Basic Tick Biology | p. 81 |
| Rocky Mountain-Spotted Fever (RMSF) | p. 84 |
| Introduction | p. 84 |
| Clinical and Laboratory Aspects of RMSF | p. 85 |
| Ecology of RMSF | p. 87 |
| Prevention and Treatment of RMSF | p. 87 |
| American Boutonneuse Fever (ABF) | p. 90 |
| Introduction and Background | p. 90 |
| Clinical and Laboratory Description of a Case of ABF | p. 92 |
| Ecology of ABF | p. 92 |
| Prevention and Treatment of ABF | p. 94 |
| Other Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses | p. 94 |
| Boutonneuse Fever | p. 94 |
| African Tick-Bite Fever | p. 96 |
| Siberian Tick Typhus | p. 96 |
| Queensland Tick Typhus | p. 96 |
| Ehrlichiosis | p. 96 |
| Introduction | p. 96 |
| Clinical and Laboratory Findings | p. 98 |
| Ecology of Ehrlichiosis | p. 99 |
| Treatment and Control of Ehrlichiosis | p. 100 |
| Lyme Disease | p. 100 |
| Introduction | p. 100 |
| Background and Historical Information | p. 102 |
| Clinical and Laboratory Findings | p. 103 |
| Ecology of LD | p. 104 |
| Treatment | p. 105 |
| Tularemia | p. 105 |
| Introduction and Medical Significance of Tularemia | p. 105 |
| Clinical and Laboratory Findings | p. 106 |
| Arthropod Transmission of the Tularemia Organism | p. 107 |
| Treatment | p. 108 |
| Human Babesiosis | p. 109 |
| Introduction and Medical Significance | p. 109 |
| Clinical and Laboratory Findings | p. 109 |
| Species of Babesia and Their Ecology | p. 110 |
| Treatment and Control | p. 111 |
| Viruses Transmitted by Ticks | p. 111 |
| Introduction | p. 111 |
| Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) | p. 112 |
| Colorado Tick Fever (CTF) | p. 113 |
| Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever (TBRF) | p. 114 |
| Introduction and Medical Significance | p. 114 |
| Clinical and Laboratory Findings | p. 114 |
| The Etiologic Agent and Its Relationship to Louse-Borne Relapsing Fever | p. 116 |
| Ecology of TBRF | p. 116 |
| Treatment and Control | p. 117 |
| Tick Paralysis | p. 119 |
| Introduction and Medical Significance | p. 119 |
| Clinical Features | p. 119 |
| Ticks Involved and Mechanism of Paralysis | p. 121 |
| Prevention and Treatment | p. 123 |
| Flea-Borne Diseases | p. 131 |
| Basic Flea Biology | p. 131 |
| Plague | p. 133 |
| Introduction and Clinical Presentation | p. 133 |
| History | p. 134 |
| Ecology of Plague | p. 135 |
| Diagnosis and Treatment | p. 136 |
| Murine Typhus | p. 136 |
| Introduction and Medical Significance | p. 136 |
| Clinical and Laboratory Findings | p. 138 |
| Ecology of Murine Typhus | p. 138 |
| Treatment | p. 139 |
| Cat-Scratch Disease (CSD) | p. 139 |
| Introduction and Clinical Presentation | p. 139 |
| Reservoirs and Mode(s) of Transmission | p. 141 |
| Treatment | p. 141 |
| Sand Fly-Transmitted Diseases | p. 143 |
| Basic Sand Fly Biology | p. 143 |
| Leishmaniasis | p. 143 |
| Introduction and Medical Significance | p. 143 |
| Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis | p. 144 |
| Ecology of Leishmaniasis | p. 148 |
| Treatment and Control of Leishmaniasis | p. 149 |
| Other Sand Fly-Transmitted Diseases | p. 150 |
| Bartonellosis (Carrion's Disease) | p. 150 |
| Sand Fly Fever | p. 150 |
| Miscellaneous Vector-Borne Diseases | p. 153 |
| Chagas' Disease | p. 153 |
| Introduction and Medical Significance | p. 153 |
| Clinical and Laboratory Findings | p. 154 |
| Ecology of Chagas' Disease and Its Vectors | p. 157 |
| Treatment, Prevention, and Control | p. 159 |
| African Sleeping Sickness | p. 160 |
| Introduction and Medical Significance | p. 160 |
| Clinical and Laboratory Findings | p. 161 |
| Ecology of African Sleeping Sickness and Its Vectors | p. 161 |
| Treatment, Prevention, and Control | p. 163 |
| Onchocerciasis | p. 164 |
| Introduction and Medical Significance | p. 164 |
| Clinical and Laboratory Findings | p. 165 |
| Ecology of Onchocerciasis and Its Vectors | p. 165 |
| Treatment, Prevention, and Control | p. 166 |
| Scrub Typhus (ST) | p. 166 |
| Introduction and Medical Significance | p. 166 |
| Clinical and Laboratory Findings | p. 167 |
| Ecology of ST and Its Vectors | p. 168 |
| Treatment, Prevention, and Control | p. 168 |
| Louse-Borne Infections | p. 170 |
| General and Medical Importance of Body Lice | p. 170 |
| Epidemic Typhus | p. 171 |
| Trench Fever | p. 171 |
| Louse-Borne Relapsing Fever (LBRF) | p. 174 |
| Treatment, Prevention, and Control of Louse-Borne Diseases | p. 174 |
| Bed Bugs: Do They Transmit Diseases? | p. 177 |
| Introduction and Bed Bug Biology | p. 177 |
| Bed Bugs and Disease Transmission | p. 179 |
| Why Mosquitoes and Other Arthropods Cannot Transmit HIV | p. 183 |
| Other Arthropod-Caused or -Related Problems | |
| Brown Recluse Bites: Facts and Fables | p. 187 |
| Introduction and Biology | p. 187 |
| Facts and Fables About Brown Recluse Bites | p. 187 |
| Differential Diagnosis | p. 189 |
| Treatment of Bites | p. 191 |
| Fire Ant Attacks on Humans | p. 195 |
| The Problem | p. 195 |
| Effects of the Venom | p. 196 |
| Infectious Complications | p. 197 |
| Protecting Patients in Health Care Facilities from Ant Attacks | p. 198 |
| Medical Conditions Caused by Arthropod Stings or Bites | p. 201 |
| Introduction and Medical Significance | p. 201 |
| Pathogenesis | p. 201 |
| Mouthpart Types | p. 201 |
| Sting Apparatus | p. 202 |
| Direct Damage to Tissue | p. 205 |
| Infectious Complications | p. 205 |
| Clues to Recognizing Insect Bites or Stings | p. 206 |
| Diagnosis | p. 206 |
| Summary and Conclusions | p. 207 |
| Myiasis | p. 209 |
| Introduction and Medical Significance | p. 209 |
| Accidental Myiasis | p. 209 |
| Facultative Myiasis | p. 211 |
| Obligate Myiasis | p. 212 |
| Contributing Factors | p. 215 |
| Accidental Myiasis | p. 215 |
| Facultative Myiasis | p. 215 |
| Obligate Myiasis | p. 216 |
| Myiasis in Clinical Practice | p. 216 |
| Differential Diagnosis | p. 217 |
| Prevention, Treatment, and Control | p. 217 |
| Imaginary Insect or Mite Infestations | p. 221 |
| Introduction and Medical Significance | p. 221 |
| Clinical Aspects and Contributing Factors | p. 222 |
| Differential Diagnosis | p. 223 |
| Treatment Strategies | p. 223 |
| Signs and Symptoms of Arthropod-Borne Diseases | p. 227 |
| Diagnostic Tests Used in Arthropod-Borne Diseases | p. 233 |
| Agglutination | p. 233 |
| Complement Fixation | p. 233 |
| Direct Fluorescent Antibody | p. 233 |
| Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) | p. 234 |
| Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) | p. 234 |
| Immunohistochemistry (IHC) | p. 234 |
| Indirect Fluorescent Antibody (IFA) | p. 234 |
| Leishmanin (Montenegro Test) | p. 235 |
| Mazzotti | p. 235 |
| Neutralization | p. 235 |
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) | p. 235 |
| Index | p. 237 |
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