Illustrations

How to Use This Book.- 1 Tables.- Basic Elements of a Table.- Heading.- Boxhead.- Panels.- Stub.- Field.- Footnotes.- Style of the Table.- Form of the Information.- General Comments About Tables.- Rapid Summation of Facts or Exact Data.- Clarity of Presentation.- Ease of Construction.- Length of Time for Data Presentation.- Apparent Complexity of Large Tables.- Possible Need for Interpolation.- Reference Use.- Tables Versus Graphs.- Artistic Effects.- 2 Graphs.- Parts of a Graph.- Title or Caption.- Background Information.- Axes.- Field of the Graph.- Data Points and Lines.- Brief Survey of Graph Types.- Line Graphs.- Line Graphs Based on the Appearance of the Lines.- Line Graphs Named from the Overall Appearance of the.- Graph.- Line Graphs Named for the Types of Scales.- Bar Graphs.- Parts of a Bar Graph.- Vertical and Horizontal Bar Graphs.- Absolute Bar Graphs.- Percent Bar Graphs.- Compound Bar Graphs.- Floating Bar Graphs.- Histograms.- Bar Diagram.- Block Diagrams.- Pictographs and Pictorial Diagrams.- Circular Graphs.- Pie Graphs.- Polar Graphs.- Rose Diagrams.- Combination Circular Graphs.- Scale Graphs.- Stationary Scale Graphs.- Sliding or Movable-Scale Graphs.- Nomographs.- Three-Dimensional Graphs and Diagrams.- Artistic Graphs.- General Comments About Graphs.- Compact Presentation, Ease of Understanding.- Ease of Construction.- Recognition of Anomalous Data.- Easy Reference for Data Values.- Design Factors for a Graph.- Framing.- Axis Scales.- Axis Division Marks.- Grid Lines.- Explanatory Titles.- Data Points.- Data Lines.- Emphasis with Colors or Area Patterns.- Emphasis with Changed Axis Scales.- 3 Maps.- Map Projections.- Properties of a Globe and Problems Encountered in Their Projection.- Classifying Projections.- Titles and Border Information.- Title.- Scale.- Representative Fraction.- North Arrow.- Projection Information.- Data Source.- Latitude, Longitude, and Survey Grids.- Legend.- Preparer.- Methods of Presenting Mapped Information.- Lines.- Tones and Patterns.- Symbols.- Map Types Based on How the Information is Presented.- Point Data Maps.- Choropleth Maps.- Dasymetric Maps.- Isoline Maps.- Flow Maps.- Map Types Based on What Information Is Presented.- Three-Dimensional Maps.- Models.- Drawings.- Map-Derived Profiles.- Remote Sensing as an Aid To Mapping.- Aerial Photography.- Electronic Systems.- Preparing a Map.- Recording the Information to be Mapped.- The Base Map.- 4 Three-Dimensional Presentations.- Mechanical Drawings.- Working Drawings.- Technical Illustrations.- Special Views.- Perspective Drawings.- Block Diagrams.- Panoramic Sections.- Isometric Views.- Oblique and Perspective Views.- Stacked Profiles.- Fence Diagrams.- Chemical Models.- Stereo Views.- Stereonet Presentations.- Uses in Mineralogy.- Uses in Structural Geology.- 5 Process, Organizational, and Flow Diagrams.- Process Diagrams.- Electronic Block Diagrams.- Interactive Process Diagrams.- Commodity Flow Diagrams.- Natural Cycle Diagrams.- Organizational Diagrams.- Structural Diagrams.- Genealogical Diagrams.- Electrical and Electronic Schematic Diagrams.- 6 Photographs.- Photographic Processes.- The Latent Image Negative Process.- The Direct Image Process.- The PMT Process.- The "Polaroid" Process.- The Ektaflex Process.- The Reversal Process.- The Laser Process.- Artistic Modifications of Photographs.- Photographs as Illustrations.- Photographic Prints.- Slides and Viewgraphs.- Photographs as Halftones.- Photographic Equipment.- Films.- Print Papers.- Cameras.- Lenses.- Lighting.- Filters.- Processing Equipment.- 7 Computer Graphics.- Elements of a Computer Graphics System.- Memory/Calculation Unit.- Input Procedures.- Programs.- Displays.- Hard-Copy Processors.- Computer Graphics Products.- Letters and Numbers.- Tables.- Graphs.- Maps.- Three-Dimensional Drawings.- Miscellaneous Drawings.- Scenes.- 8 Illustrator's Equipment and Supplies.- Paper, Boards, and Drafting Film.- Paper.- Boards.- Drafting Films.- Surface Cleaners.- Pencils.- Pencil Types.- Lead Holders and Mechanical Pencils.- Miscellaneous Artistic Pencils.- Pens, Drawing Inks, and Felt-Tip.- Markers.- Pens.- Drawing Inks.- Felt-Tip Markers.- Erasers, Correction Tapes, and Correcting Fluids.- Erasers.- Correction Tapes.- Correcting Fluids.- Guiding Devices.- Straightedges and Scales.- Protractors.- Triangles.- Circle, Ellipse, and Curve.- Lettering.- Freehand Lettering.- Lettering Stencils.- Mechanical Lettering.- Preprinted Transfer Lettering.- Strike-On Lettering.- Computer Graphics Lettering.- Phototypeset Lettering.- Supplies For Artistic Effects.- Symbols.- Patterns.- Shadings.- Colors.- Preservative Coatings.- Spray Coatings.- Laminating Materials.- Cutting Instruments.- Shears.- Razor Knives.- Line Cutters.- Mat Knives.- Lever and Rotary Cutters.- Adhesive Materials.- Wax Coatings.- Cements.- Dry-Mounting Materials.- Tapes.- Working Surfaces.- Drafting Boards.- Drafting Tables.- Light Tables and Boxes.- 9 Enlarging and Reducing Illustrations.- Enlarging or Reducing Techniques.- Freehand Sketching.- The "Squares" Method.- Proportional Dividers and Variable Scales.- The Pantograph.- Projectors.- Electrostatic Process Enlarging/ Reducing.- Photography.- 10 Duplicating an Illustration.- Factors in Choosing the Best.- Quality.- Quantity.- Price per Copy.- Time Required.- Intended Use of the Duplicated Illustration.- Size and Shape.- Colors.- Methods of Duplication.- Photography.- Spirit Duplication.- Stencil Duplication.- Ammonia-Process Copying.- Electrostatic-Process Copying.- Mechanical Printing Processes.