List of Maps vii
Preface ix
Introduction 1
Chapter One The Celts, Romans, and Anglo-Saxons 7
Early Christianity 12
Towards a Nation State 17
The Battle of Brunanburh 20
A North Sea Empire 22
Last Anglo-Saxon Rulers of England 24
The Legacy of the Anglo-Saxons on English Identity 27
Chapter Two Normans and Anglo-Normans 31
Who were the Normans? 32
The Cultural Survival of the English 35
The Angevin Empire 39
Magna Carta: Restoration of Rights and Political Compromise 43
The Legacy of the Normans on English Identity 50
Chapter Three The Age of Chivalry 53
A Cheshire Knight 54
Heraldry 59
The Crusades 60
The Wars of the Roses 66
The Legacy of the Age of Chivalry on English Identity 72
Chapter Four The English Reformation 75
The Lollards 76
The Break with Rome 80
Catholic Opposition 86
The Legacy of the Reformation on English Identity 88
Chapter Five Puritanism and Civil War 91
A Derbyshire Puritan 96
The Road to Civil War 100
The Trial and Execution of King Charles I 109
The Legacy of Puritanism and Civil War on English Identity 111
Chapter Six The Interregnum and Restoration 115
The Protectorate 116
A Cromwellian Soldier 120
Restoration and Glorious Revolution 126
The Legacy of the Interregnum and Restoration on English Identity 130
Chapter Seven The English Renaissance 133
Literature and Theatre 134
Art and Music 135
Science 137
The Legacy of the Renaissance on English Identity 139
Chapter Eight A Trading Nation 141
Merchant Trading Companies 142
The Napoleonic Wars 150
Free Trade and Empire 153
The Legacy of the Empire on English Identity 162
Chapter Nine An Industrial Nation 165
A Derbyshire Weaver 174
A Lancashire Miner 178
A Liverpool Docker 182
The Legacy of the Industrial Revolution on English Identity 185
Chapter Ten A Reforming Nation 189
The Great Reform Act 193
Chartism and Democracy 197
Religious Tensions 203
Sport 207
Leisure 212
Financial Boom and Bust 214
The Legacy of Victorian Morality and Reform on English Identity 217
Chapter Eleven A Nation at War (Part One) 221
The Road to War 222
An English Tommy 227
The Key Events of the Great War 230
On the Home Front 236
Change During the Interwar Years 239
Chapter Twelve A Nation at War (Part Two) 245
The Road to Another War 246
The Start of the Second World War 251
Terror at Home 254
Key Events of the Second World War 260
The Legacy of War on English Identity 274
Chapter Thirteen A Modern Nation 277
An Englishman's Home is his Castle 282
Social Revolution 286
Constitutional Change 292
Deindustrialisation 294
The Decline of Empire and Immigration 299
Europeanism and Brexit 315
Chapter Fourteen The Union and Devolution 325
The Union with Wales 329
The Union with Scotland 330
The Union with Ireland and Partition 333
The Future of the Union 337
Conclusion 343
References 355
Index 365